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Respiratory System Function?????? O2 1 Breathing CO2 Lung Circulatory system 2 Transport of gases by the circulatory system Mitochondria 3 Exchange of gases with body cells O2 CO2 Capillary Cell Cut Cross section of respiratory surface (the outer skin) CO2 O2 Capillaries • Specialized organs used for gas exchange – Gills in fish and amphibians – Tracheal systems in arthropods – Lungs in tetrapods that live on land – – – – Amphibians Reptiles Birds Mammals • Gills – Increase the surface area for gas exchange – Oxygen absorbed – Carbon dioxide released - gas exchange is enhanced by – Ventilation of the gills (moving water past the gills) – Countercurrent flow of water and blood Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Gill arch Oxygen-poor blood Lamella Oxygen-rich blood Direction of water flow Gill arch Blood vessels Operculum (gill cover) Water flow between lamellae Gill filaments Blood flow through capillaries in lamella Countercurrent exchange Water flow, showing % O2 Diffusion of O2 from water to blood 100 70 40 15 80 30 5 60 Blood flow in simplified capillary, showing % O2 Gill arch Gill Direction arch Oxygen-poor blood of water Direction flow Lamella Oxygen-rich blood of water flow Gill arch Gill Blood vessels arch Blood vessels Operculum Operculum (gill cover) Water flow between lamellae (gill cover) Gill filaments Blood flow through capillaries in lamella Countercurrent exchange Water flow, showing % O2 Diffusion of O2 from water to blood Gill 15 filaments 100 70 40 80 30 60 5 Blood flow in simplified capillary, showing % O2 Oxygen-poor blood Lamella Oxygen-rich blood Gill arch Blood vessels Water flow between lamellae Gill filaments Blood flow through capillaries in lamella Countercurrent exchange Water flow, showing % O2 Diffusion of O2 from water to blood 100 70 40 15 80 30 5 60 Blood flow in simplified capillary, showing % O2 Human Respiratory System • Structures????? Functions? • • • • • • • • Nasal cavity Pharynx larynx Trachea – Cilia – Cartilage Bronchi – Cartilage Bronchioles Alveoli Capillaries 1 2 3 6 4 5 7 8 9 Vein going to heart Artery from the heart bronchiole capillary alveoli air space Inhaled air Exhaled air Gases are exchanged in the alveoli and the tissue cells Air spaces Alveoli CO2 O2 Alveolar capillaries CO2-rich, O2-poor blood O2-rich, CO2-poor blood Heart Tissue capillaries CO2 Tissue cells throughout body O2 Rib cage expands as rib muscles contract Air inhaled Volume in thoracic cavity goes up Pressure goes down Lung Diaphragm Diaphragm contracts (moves down) Inhalation Low pressure inside, higher outside air rushes in Rib cage gets smaller as rib muscles relax Air exhaled Volume in thoracic cavity goes down Pressure goes up higher pressure inside, lower outside air rushes out Diaphragm relaxes (moves up) Exhalation Fig. 22-11 How are the gases carried in the blood? Oxygen? Carbon dioxide? Most is converted into bicarbonate ions and transported in the blood plasma CO2 + H2O H2CO3 H+ + HCO3- TIDAL LUNG CAPACITY – The amount of air your lungs hold during normal breathing; the amount of air moved in and out of the body in one breath VITAL CAPACITY the amount of air exhaled in one breath; The maximum amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after breathing in as much as possible. RESIDUAL VOLUME the amount of air left in the lungs after a deep exhalation TOTAL LUNG CAPACITY the amount of air in the lungs after a deep inhalation; The vital capacity plus the residual volume Design an experiment to test this question: Is tidal lung capacity related to …….? One lab turned in for your group on an index card Front of card: Names, what did you test, data Back of card: Graph, conclusion