Download vertebrates - Bishop Ireton

VERTEBRATES
CHORDATA
1. Have a notochord( replaced in human by
backbone)
2. Pharyngeal Pouches- become gills or lungs
3. Post –anal tail-disappears in us
4. Dorsal hollow nerve chord- becomes the
spinal chord
Fish
3 Types
1. Agnatha- Jawless- Lamprey and hagfish
2. Chondrichthyes- cartilage fish- sharks,
rays,and skates
3. Osteichthyes- Boney fish- majority
Fish Characteristics
• Have gills- water passes
over gills. The oxygen in
the water is exchanged
for the carbon dioxide
in the gills. This is called
COUNTER CURRENT
EXCHANGE.
• 2 chambered heart
• Sexual reproduction –most external
fertilization- called spawning
• Some have internal fertilization like
sharks
• Paired fins
• Scales- thin boney plates
• Swim Bladder- fills with oxygen or
nitrogen to control swimming depth
Sensory system called LATERAL LINE SYSTEMdetects changes in environment. Found in
Chondrichthyes and Osteichthyes.
AMPHIBIANS
• Salamanders, frogs, toads, legless caecillans
• Thin moist skin- helps to absorb oxygen from
air
• Need water for fertilization to occur- sperm
needs to swim to egg.
• External fertilization
• Ectotherm- body temperature varies
according to environmental temperature
• Frogs and toads secrete chemical so they are
bad tasting so predator won’t eat them
• Frogs have vocal chords to communicate
Metamorphosis
• Go through intermediate stage before
becoming adult
Egg
→ Tadpole →
fins
gills
2 chambered ♥
FROG
legs
lungs
3 chambered ♥
Reptiles
Crocodiles, Alligators, Snakes
Scaly skin- prevents water loss
Reproduce on land- Internal Fertilization
Produce EGGS- covered in leathery
material. Amniotic egg- provides
nourishment for embryo
• Legs are directly under body for speed
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• Some have 3 chambered hearts, most
have 4
• Ectotherms
• Nutrition- some are herbivores,
predators or carnivores.
• Obtain prey by catching, constriction,
or poisoning
Jacobson’s organ- sense organ.
• Snake sticks out their tongue and
collects air molecules. Draws tongue
into pit in mouth and senses what is
there.
BIRDS
Feathers• made of protein- provides
insulation and enables
flight.
• Molting- new growth
• Loss of wing and tail
feathers occur in pairsbalance for flight
Wings
• Attached to breast bone
called a sternum
• Hollow bones- have air
spaces- enables flight
Circulatory/Respiratrory System
• Birds require a lot of
energy for flight
• Have a 4 chambered
heart
• High heart beatchickadee- 500/min
human- 70/min
Oxygen supplied during
inhalation and
exhalation
• Endotherm- maintain constant body
temperature
• Internal Fertilization- have an amniotic
egg with a hard shell.
• Birds make nests and incubate their
eggs until hatched
• Adaptations- beak shape and size
according to food source
Mammals
• Endotherm- maintain constant body
temperature
7 CHARACTERISTICS OF MAMMALS
1. Hair- made of keratin- provides
insulation
2. Produce milk for nourishment of
young through mammary glands
3. Diaphragm- muscle that helps
enlarge chest cavity for air intake
4. 4 chambered heart- oxygenated and
de-oxygenated blood do not mixmost efficient
5. Specialized teeth- adapted to what
they eat• pointed incisors- grasping
• canines- puncture
• molars- grinding
6. Modified limbs- used for food gathering,
opposable thumb
7. Developed Brain- able to teach their
young, remember what they learn
• Chimps use tools
• Brain- has many grooves to increase
active surface area.
Mammalian Diversity-based on reproductive method
1. Placental (90%)-fetus develops in
uterus. Nourished through placenta.
Gestation (how long in uterus varies)
2. Marsupial- embryo spends short time
in mom then develops in
pouch(Kangaroo, Koalas)
3. Monotreme- Egg layer like duck billed
platypus and spiny anteater