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Unit 8: 1945-1980 After World War II, the United States grappled with prosperity and unfamiliar international responsibilities while struggling to live up to its ideals. Key Concepts 8.1: The United States responded to an uncertain and unstable postwar world by asserting and attempting to defend a position of global leadership, with far-reaching domestic and international consequences. 8.2: Liberalism, based on anticommunism abroad and a firm belief in the efficacy of governmental and especially federal power to achieve social goals at home, reached its apex in the mid-1960s and generated a variety of political and cultural responses. 8.3: Postwar economic, demographic, and technological changes had a far-reaching impact on American society, politics, and the environment. Chapter 31: The Fair Deal and Containment Harry S Truman Baby-boom generation GI Bill of Rights How did Truman handle transition from a wartime economy to a peacetime economy? Employment Act of 1946 Atomic Energy Commission Taft-Hartley Act of 1947 National Security Act (1947) United Nations charter How/why did U.S-Soviet relations sour after the end of WWII? Containment George F. Kennan Truman Doctrine Marshall Plan Berlin blockade and airlift North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) How did the legacy of WWII affect race relations and the push for civil rights in the United States? Jackie Robinson Fair Deal What was the influence of race on the 1948 election? Dixiecrats—Strom Thurmond Progressives—Henry Wallace What actions did Harry Truman take in the area of civil rights? How did American interests and policies in Asia change as the Chinese communists gained control? NSC-68 Korean War (1950-1953) 38th parallel Why was Douglas MacArthur relieved of his command in Korea? House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) Alger Hiss Richard M. Nixon Joseph R. McCarthy McCarran Internal Security Act (1950) Smith Act (1940) What historical factors led to the tensions between the U.S and the USSR during the Cold War? Chapter 32: Through the Picture Window: Society and Culture, 1945-1960. What problems lurked below the surface of the affluent society of post-war America? Causes of post-war economic boom -government and military spending -technological innovations -baby boom -suburban expansion -pent-up demand and savings How did the GI Bill transform post-war America? Consumer revolution “sunbelt” Levittown Interstate Highway Act Great Migration (continued) Conformity How did gender roles change in the post-war boom years? Why was there a religious revival in the 1950s? What types of theology characterized that revival? Norman Vincent Peale Reinhold Niebuhr John Kenneth Galbraith, The Affluent Society John Keats, The Crack in the Picture Window David Riesman, The Lonely Crowd Dr. Benjamin Spock, Baby and Child Care What themes were expressed in the art and literature of the 1950s? How did they relate to 1950s society? The Beats Allen Ginsberg, Howl Jack Kerouac, On the Road Why did the 1950s see both a growth in teen culture and juvenile delinquency? Rock and roll Chapter 33: Conflict and Deadlock: The Eisenhower Years Dwight D. Eisenhower “Dynamic Conservatism” How did Eisenhower approach the programs created under the New Deal? How did Eisenhower achieve peace in Korea? Army-McCarthy hearings Earl Warren John Foster Dulles-“liberation” and “massive retaliation” New Look “brinkmanship” How did Eisenhower and Dulles deal with the growing tensions and violence in Vietnam? SEATO Suez Crisis Sputnik Eisenhower Doctrine U-2, Francis Gary Powers How did Eisenhower react to the communist revolution in Cuba? Sweatt v. Painter (1950) Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas (1954) “massive resistance” “Southern Manifesto” Montgomery Bus Boycott Southern Christian Leadership Conference Civil Rights Act of 1957 Little Rock Nine How do historians generally asses the Eisenhower presidency today? Why has that assessment changed over time? Chapter 34: New Frontiers: Politics and Social Change in the 1960s John F. Kennedy Richard M. Nixon Election of 1960 “New Frontier” Why did Kennedy have trouble enacting his legislative proposals? Alliance for Progress Peace Corps Examine the success of Kennedy’s proposals for economic and social reform. Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) Escobedo v. Illinois (1964) Miranda v. Arizona (1966) Sit-ins Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) Freedom rides James Meredith Birmingham marches George Wallace March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom (1963) Bay of Pigs Cuban Missile Crisis How did Kennedy attempt to deal with the worsening situation in Southeast Asia? Lyndon B. Johnson Civil Rights Act of 1964 War on Poverty Michael Harrington, The Other America Job Corps Head Start Volunteers in Service to America (VISTA) Great Society Barry Goldwater Why did the Republicans suffer such an overwhelming defeat in the 1964 presidential election? Medicare and Medicaid Elementary and Secondary Education Act (1965) Appalachian Regional Development Act of 1966 Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) Immigration and Nationality Services Act of 1965 How effective were the Great Society programs at eliminating poverty and reforming society? Voting Rights Act of 1965 Why did so many northern cities erupt in riots in the mid- to late-1960s? Black power Stokely Carmichael Black Panther Party Huey Newton Malcolm X Black Muslims How did the black power movement transform the larger movement for civil rights? Tonkin Gulf Resolution Why did Johnson decide to “Americanize” the Vietnam War? What were the effects of this escalation? Domino theory Tet Offensive (1968) How did the Vietnam War affect the economy and the programs of the Great Society? Why did the massive American bombing campaign on North Vietnam and neighboring countries fail? How did opposition to the Vietnam War in the U.S. grow into a significant political movement? How did the MLK and RFK assassinations impact the American psyche, politics, and society? Election of 1968 Chicago Democratic National Convention (1968) American Independent Party--George Wallace Chapter 35: Rebellion and Reaction in the 1960s and 1970s New Left Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) Tom Hayden Port Huron Statement Free speech movement Anti-war movement Yippies Abbie Hoffman Weathermen Counterculture Communes “hippies” Woodstock and Altamont Betty Friedan, The Feminine Mystique National Organization for Women (NOW) Title IX Roe v. Wade Equal Rights Amendment The “pill” United Farm Workers (UFW) Cesar Chavez American Indian Movement (AIM) BIA sit-in Wounded Knee occupation Stonewall riots Gay Liberation Front “silent majority” Henry Kissinger “peace with honor” “Vietnamization” Cambodian “incursion” My Lai Massacre Kent State Pentagon Papers Daniel Ellsberg “Christmas bombings” Paris accords “southern strategy” Warren Burger Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education (1971) How did the President, Congress, and the American public react to court-ordered busing? Regents of the University of California v. Bakke Twenty-Sixth Amendment Clean Air Act What caused the inflation and economic problems of the early 1970s? OPEC oil embargo “stagflation” What were the effects of Nixon’s economic policies during the recession of the 1970s Rachel Carson, Silent Spring Endangered Species Act National Environmental Policy Act Environmental Protection Agency Moon landing Nixon in China Détente Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) Shuttle diplomacy Election of 1972 George S. McGovern “dirty tricks” Watergate break-in Committee to Re-elect the President (CREEP) “the cover-up” Saturday Night Massacre John Erlichman, H.R. Haldeman, John Mitchell United States v. Richard M. Nixon Articles of impeachment What were the effects of Watergate on the American public and political system? War Powers Act (1973) Gerald Ford Whip Inflation Now Mayaguez incident Jimmy Carter Department of Energy Department of Education Gas crisis Panama Canal Zone Treaty Camp David Accords Iran Hostage Crisis Critical Thinking Questions/Possible Essays Compare and contrast United States foreign policy after the First World War and after the Second World War. Consider the periods 1919-1928 and 1945-1950. Analyze the influence of TWO of the following on American-Soviet relations in the decade following the Second World War. Yalta Conference Communist Revolution in China McCarthyism Harry S Truman was a realistic, pragmatic president who skillfully led the American people against the menace posed by the Soviet Union. Support, modify, or refute this generalization for President Truman’s foreign policy from 1945 to 1953. How do you account for the appeal of McCarthyism in the United States in the era following the Second World War? Social dislocations resulting from wartime conditions frequently bring lasting change within a society. Evaluate the relevance of this generalization to American society in the 20th century in view of the experiences of blacks AND women. To what extent did the decade of the 1950s deserve its reputation as an age of political, social, and cultural conformity? Compare and contrast United States society in the 1920s and the 1950s with respect to TWO of the following: Race relations Role of women Consumerism What accounted for the growth between 1940 and 1965 of popular and governmental concern for the position of blacks in society? Compare and contrast the Cold War foreign policies of TWO of the following presidents. Harry Truman (1945-1953) Dwight Eisenhower (1953-1961) Richard Nixon (1969-1974) Evaluate the impact of the Second World War on the United States in the 1950s and 1960s in terms of TWO of the following: Education International relations Science and technology In what ways did the Great Society resemble the New Deal in its origins, goals, and social and political legacy? Cite specific programs and policies in support of your arguments. Foreign affairs rather than domestic issues shaped presidential politics in the election year 1968. Support, modify, or refute this statement with specific reference to foreign and domestic issues. 1968 was a turning point for the United States. Support, modify, or refute this assessment. In your answer discuss TWO of the following: National politics Vietnam War Civil rights Compare the goals and strategies of black reform movements in the period 1890-1910 to the goals and strategies of black reform movements in the period 1950-1970. How did the African American civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s address the failures of Reconstruction? Analyze the changes that occurred during the 1960s in the goals, strategies, and support of the movement for African American Civil Rights. Analyze the successes and failures of the United States Cold War policy of containment as it developed in TWO of the following regions of the world during the period 1945-1975. East and Southeast Asia Europe Latin America Middle East Describe THREE of the following and analyze the ways in which each of the three has affected the status of women in American society since 1940. Changing economic conditions The rebirth of an organized women’s movement Advances in reproductive technology The persistence of traditional definitions of women’s roles Reform movements of the 20th century have shown continuity in their goals and strategies. Support, modify, or refute this statement for ONE of the following pairs of reform movements. Progressivism and the New Deal Women’s suffrage and post-Second World War Feminism The New Deal and the Great Society Discuss with respect to TWO of the following, the view that the 1960s represented a period of profound cultural change. Education Gender roles Music Race relations Analyze the ways in which TWO of the following shaped American politics after the Second World War. Anticommunism in the 1940s and 1950s The women’s liberation movement in the 1960s The “silent majority” in the 1970s Analyze the extent to which TWO of the following transformed American society in the 1960s and 1970s. The Civil Rights movement The antiwar movement The women’s movement Between 1960 and 1975 there was great progress in the struggle for political and social equality. Support, modify, or refute this statement with respect to TWO of the following groups during that period. African Americans Asian Americans Latinos Native Americans Women