Download American Studies

American Studies
Final Exam Review (History)
Chapters 14-21, 23
Truman Doctrine, Greece and Turkey – Military and economic help to anticommunist
countries such as Greece and Turkey
NATO vs. the Warsaw Pact – North Atlantic Treaty Organization – defense pacts in Europe –
Democracy (NATO) vs. Communism (Warsaw Pact) - Democratic countries vs.
communist nations like the USSR, East Germany, Poland, Bulgaria
Korean War – Limited War – afraid to start WW3 – don’t use full capacity – containment in
Asia – after 3 years, war ends where it begins 38th parallel – no major gains
Douglas MacArthur – commander of all U.N. forces in Korea –> wants to drop the bomb on
China – fired by Truman
Proposed attack on China – to drop bomb on China – Douglas MacArthur
Brinkmanship – go to the edge of war w/o going over it
John Foster Dulles – Eisenhower’s Secretary of State – his idea = brinkmanship
Sputnik – 1st man-made satellite – Russian – thought to be spying on U.S.A. – made us look bad
– increase in math and science programs and education
NASA – America’s National Aeronautics and Space Administration => formed to close missile
gap b/n US & USSR – US spent BILLION$ in education for science and math
CIA and the 1947 Act – Nat’l Security (McCarran) Act of 1947 increased foreign policy powers
of the president – creates Central Intelligence Agency, CIA, and the Nat’l Security
Committee, NSC
Suez Canal Crisis 1956 – U.S. against England, France, and Israel – U.S. supported Egypt b/c
U.S. didn’t think Israel had the right to the canal
Cuban Missile Crisis – Oct. 1962 – 90mi from U.S. – forced them to take missiles out
Service Sector Jobs – provide services instead of products
GI (Govt. Issue) Bill of Rights – benefits war Vets – gave them loans for college, lent $ to men
who wanted to start businesses, and GI Loans for mortgages
TV shows of the 1950’s – traditional; Leave It to Beaver, Happy Days, and Father Knows Best
Which shows portrayed the “new woman”? – Our Ms. Brooks, Private Secretary
Appalachia – NY, PA, OH, VI, WV, KY, TN, NC, SC, GA, AL
Goals of Truman’s Fair Deal – continue New Deal and expand it, incl. expanding social
security, public housing for poor, repeal of Taft/Hartley Act, Nat’l Medical Insurance
House Committee on UN-American Activities (HUAC) – investigated communism in
America – hearings to discover extent of communism in govt.
Whittaker Chambers – evidence found in his pumpkin patch – editor of Time magazine,
provides info that govt. spied – pumpkin papers
Alger Hiss – state dept. aid found guilty of spying – his case makes McCarthyism believable
Sen. Joe McCarthy – search for communists based upon fear – forced others to resign from
govt. and blackballed actors – challenged by Margaret Chase Smith
Know Administration:
Atomic Energy Act – Eisenhower
McCarran Act – CIA – Truman
St. Lawrence Seaway – Eisenhower
National Highway Safety Act – Eisenhower
Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka, KS – reverses Plessey vs. Fergusson – calls for
public school integration
Thurgood Marshall – lawyer who pleads Brown in front of Supreme Court –> 1st black
Supreme Court justice
Central H.S., Little Rock, Arkansas – case of school integration – 8 blacks w/ military
protection – next year, Little Rock –> private – 1959 –> completely integrated
Rosa Parks – mother of civil rights movt. – Refused to sit in back of bus –> Montgomery bus
boycott
Birmingham, AL, bus boycott – MLK in spotlight – busses integrate – King wins, begins
SCLC
Martin Luther King, Jr. – becomes leader of civil rights movt. in south –> nonviolence protest
marches – letter from Birmingham jail
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) – MLK’s org. – taught blacks how to win
confrontations w/o violence
NAACP – Nat’l Assoc. for the Adv. of Colored People – uses courts to work for black man’s
equality
Congress on Racial Equality (CORE) – develop strategy of sit-ins – become famous @
Greensboro lunch counter
Urban League – org. of blacks and whites to work toward racial equality
Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) – Ella J. Baker –> march and protest
“Jail not bail”
Sit-ins – technique used to integrate (lunch counters, movies, and swim-ins)
Letter from the Birmingham Jail – MLK – about daughter (she asked why she couldn’t go to
amusement park) reenergized movt. – Defeats Bull Conner
James Farmer – head of CORE – founder of the freedom riders
“Freedom Now!” – Phrase connected to those moving away from nonviolence
“Black Power!” – Confrontation and force in black protest
Floyd McKissick – CORE – arrested 43 times \
movt away from nonviolence
Stokely Carmichael – SNCC
/
Malcolm X and the Black Muslims – Want Black Separatism. Assisinated.
Black separatism – Black man choosing to live apart from the white society
Kerner Report – LBJ’s commission it investigate urban violence
Baker v. Carr – Supreme Court est. 1 Man/1 Vote
Miranda vs. Arizona – Supreme Court requires the reading of rights to accused criminals
Abington vs. Schempp – banned bible reading and other religious exercises in public schools
Roe vs. Wade – Est. Women and the legal right to have an abortion
Betty Freidan and The Feminine Mystique – Ridicules the idea that it is important for women
to stay home to care for and raise a family, but instead work outside the home
Gloria Steinem and Ms. Magazine – Publisher of Ms. Magazine. Discuss women’s rights and
not housekeeping or family care.
Bella Abzug – Feminist. In House of Representatives. Create equal women’s rights
Phyllis Schlafly - Apposed Feminism – Told women that it was important to raise a family
Counter-Culture - Protests Est. Culture
Ho Chi Minh – who was he fighting against? – Leader of VMN – Defeated Japs, French, +
later US
Tet Offensive – significance? – Major surprise offensive by Vietcong. Proved to USA that they
were not winning the war
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution – Significance? – Gives LBJ power to control the Vietnam War
Rolling Thunder – LBJ’s V. Pres – 1968 Democratic Candidate
Hubert Humphrey – LBJ’s bombing Program in N. Vietnam
Eugene McCarthy – 1st Democrat to oppose the War
Robert Kennedy – Democratic Candidate 1968. Assassinated in June 1968.
Richard Nixon – 1968 Election – Republican Candidate in 1968. Wins with the “Silent
Majority”. Peace with women, smaller Government, more power to law and order
Port Huron Statement – Basis for students for Democratic Society. Calls for Participatory
Democracy – Involved in decision making
Kent State - College students killed by Oh National Guard while protesting the invasion of
Cambodia
John Dean – President’s personal lawyer. Told Sam Irvin that there is a cover-up, and the
President directed it.
Sam Ervin – Led Senate investigation committee on Watergate. Butterfield told him that Nixon
tapes EVERYTHING.
“Silent Majority” – Middle Class, blue collar, that voted Republican for Nixon
New Federalism – Nixon’s program to lower the power of the Federal Government
Détente – Nixon’s foreign relations policy (Warming of Relations)
Archibald Cox – 1st Special prosecutor for Watergate – Fired on the Saturday Night Massacre
Elliot Richardson – Attorney General. Refused to fire Cox. Fired by Nixon.
Gerald Ford – Appointed to Vice President. America’s 1st appointed President, after Nixon
resigned
Stagflation – Economic Problem of the 70’s. Stagnant economy yet period of inflationary
prices.
Yom Kippur War – 1973. Arabs imposed Oil Embargo on the US because of their relations
with Israel
OPEC – Organization [of] Petroleum Exporting Countries. Cartel that regulates flow (price) of
oil
James Earl [Jimmy] Carter - 1976 Democratic Presidential Victor. Worked for equal rights,
raised government spending. Tax cuts (add $ to environment), but couldn’t end inflation,
bring home the Iranian Hostages
Camp David Accord – Carter’s major Foreign policy. Peace treaty with Egypt and Israel.
Iranian Hostage Crisis – US workers at the US Embassy held hostage for 444 days to fight
support US support of the Shah
Ronald Regan’s Economic and Foreign Policies – Small government, but large military
spending lead to Reganomics/trickle down theory. Defeat “Evil Empire”.
Reganomics – Supply side economics - $ to manufacturers – Government businessmen,
hopefully: Raise profits: Raise Jobs
Regan’s Neoconservatives – Conservatism of 1920’s, but large military spending
Deregulation – Government’s control of Big Business. Allow them to do whatever they want
(Airlines).