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African Kingdoms With Bantu Migration Action! Geography of Africa 2nd largest continent Continent divided into 5 regions: Northern coast- moderate Dry grasslands- too dry to Rain forest- deadly animals rainfall and dry temps Southern coast- moderate rainfall and dry temps Deserts- 1/3 of Africa’s land farm but suitable to graze (tsetse fly- the natural protector Varying Lifestyles Develop in Africa Nomads Hunting and gathering Before the Sahara became desert Was a Grassland, became desert-y about 6000 BCE Pastoral Cattle People Nok (500 BCE-200 CE) Occupied what is now central Nigeria Skilled farmers Used iron to make tools and develop a unique sense of art Never went through the Bronze or Copper ages, iron working brought from N. Africa Kush 2000-1000 B.C. Traded with Egypt Egypt took them over, they took Egypt over Greatly influenced by Egyptian culture Wrote in hieroglyphics Imitated pyramid building Adopted the idea of king-god like the pharaoh Kush 2000-1000 B.C. 751 B.C.- Kushite king, Piankhi, conquered Egypt Piankhi and his decadents became Egypt’s 25th Dynasty Dynasty was short lived Assyrians took over Rebuilt on the city of Meroë Statue of King Piankhi participated in trade with Africa, Arabia, and India Golden Age of Meroë Traded iron weapons and tools exchanged iron goods for jewelry, fine cotton cloth, silver, and glass bottles Fall of Meroë reasons unknown Maybe rising power of Aksum/Axum Rival city about 400 miles southeast Aksum: Power and Authority Aksum became a major trading center for Indian Ocean and Arabian trade also became the center of Christianity in Africa The Power of Aksum A legend tells King of Aksum descended from King Solomon and the Queen of Sheba Spread influence from the Red Sea to the Blue Nile Became major player in trading Salt, ivory, emeralds and gold were traded for cloth, brass, olive oil, iron, and copper ***Salt Ivory and Gold Major African trade goods*** The Reign of Ezana Aksum reached its height during the reign of Ezana (325-360 AD) captured and burned Kush as well as part of the Arabian peninsula Ezana converted to Christianity and made it the kingdom’s official religion Aksumites developed a cosmopolitan heritage including a variety of peoples from Greece, Rome, Persia, India, and Egypt Innovations of Aksum Minted its own coins Had own writing Only 3 African kingdoms did: Egypt Kush Aksum Terraced Farming The Pillars of Aksum Used no mortar Carved great stones together Created false doors, windows, as well as tall peaks The Pillars are often dedicated to the Christian God The Fall of Aksum- Rise of Islam After 800 CE the kingdom declined Islamic invaders Aksum became isolated Christian kingdom 750 AD it declined No longer was considered a world power Hunters and Gatherers and Stateless Societies SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA Hunter-Gatherer Societies found in rainforests (like in Congo) or in deserts (like the Kalahari) Small, family-based groups Non-permanent settlements No formal laws or government Gender Relations Men Hunting Older males – respected for opinions Women gatherers Stateless Societies Clan/Lineage-based villages No centralized government Council of clan/village leaders = government i.e.. Ibo of Nigeria May be matrilineal or patrilineal Bantu Migration (2000 BCE- 1500 CE) 2000 BCE people in Western Africa began migrating east Probably due to population Continued until 1500 CE Spread knowledge of: Cattle raising Farming the edge of rainforest ironworking Africanity Bantu migration also spread Bantu language Syncretic language: Animistic religion Oral traditions preserved by Griots (storytellers) All property communal Society organized into age grades Modern Griot Swahili: mix of Arabic, Indian, and Bantu Still major language today Age group that shared responsibilities Berbers: Almoravids and Almohads NORTHERN AFRICA Maghrib- Berber Muslim civilizations Almoravid Empire 11th century AD Mauritania to Morocco and southern Spain Capital: Marrakech Origins: Berber pilgrims convinced a leader to return to Mauritania with them Major Conquests Ghana Spain The Maghrib – Berber Muslim Empires The Almohad Empire Takeover in 1148 AD They have stricter interpretation of Islam. Capital: Marrakech Split up in late 1200s AD Trans-Saharan, Indian Ocean AFRICAN TRADE ROUTES Indian Ocean Trade “Zone of interaction” First ocean to be crossed “Sailor's ocean” Warm water Fairly placid waters Wind patterns: one way = north of equator, the other = south of the equator Lateen Sail allowed sailors to sail across the Indian ocean, could sail into wind Trade Goods Teak from India Mangrove swamps in East Africa Arabian horses to India Spices from Southeast Asia & Spice Islands Frankincense from Arabia and Africa ***Desired far beyond the Indian Ocean world Slave trades & labor migrations Slaves from East Africa to Arabia/India From Southeast Asia to Southern Africa Spread of Ideas Religion Indian merchants brought Brahmin priests Muslim scholars brought by Arab merchants Christian merchants brought priests Trading Language Swahili: mix of Arabic, Indian, and Bantu (African) Trans-Saharan Trade A series of powerful trading kingdoms emerged in West Africa. The West African kingdoms controlled important trade routes that connected North Africa and West Africa. Beginning of TransSaharan Trade North Africa was rich in the salt that West Africa lacked. West Africa was rich in gold. The Trans-Saharan trade led to an exchange of salt for gold. Ghana Ghana (ca.7001200 AD) Origins: TransSaharan trade Camel caravans as far back as 3rd Century AD Kings controlled local trade and taxed merchants Howdy! I’m a Camel! Ghana: 500-1200 CE Ghana was called the “land of gold” but it did not have gold. The kingdom of Ghana emerged as early as 500 C.E. It collapsed in the 11th century. Used wealth to build a powerful army Instead, the trade routes passed through Ghana and all entering and exiting the kingdom were taxed kept the peace within empire. Almoravids invaded and destroyed Ghana in the 1100s. Mali: 1250-1400 After decline of Ghana, the West African Kingdom of Mali emerged as a great trading empire. Took control of Gold Trade Sundiata Sundiata was known as the “lion Prince” and, supposedly the story of the Lion King is based on his life took over from cruel leader Became first emperor (mansa) conquered Ghana & other cities led to peace and prosperity Mansa Musa Most famous king: Mansa Musa set up a great center of learning in Timbuktu Expanded empire Converted to Islam and went on Hajj Gave away tremendous amount of gold After return from Mecca Many mosques built in places like Timbuktu and Goa Ibn Battuta visited Mali, saw wealth of area wrote about salt mines in desert African women, not as strict as other Muslim women After Mansa Musa died, more turmoil Empire collapsed by 1400 Songhai: 1450-1600 Once controlled by Mali The West African kingdom of Songhai was the largest of the three trading kingdoms Muslim controlled the profitable Trans-Saharan trade Gold Discovered in Songhai Timbuktu becomes major learning center, DjennéDjeno had large university Songhai Leaders Sunni Ali (r. 1464 – 1492 AD) united empire Military leader, professional army (included horse soldiers, river canoes) took Timbuktu – 1468 took Djenné-Djeno 1473, after 7 year siege Askia Muhammad (r. 1492 – 1529 AD) Drove Sunni Ali’s son out of power because he was not a devout Muslim Set up a bureaucracy and provinces Efficient tax system Askia Muhammad Eventually, the kingdom of Songhai fell to invading armies from Morocco in 1591 (they had guns) City-States of West Africa Hausa Yoruba Divine king; known for art Benin On trade route Large army, sculptures Portuguese bought slaves here City-states fought each other, so they never established empires East Africa Kilwa Rich Muslims took control of Sofala (gold trading city) became most powerful city on East Coast 1488 AD Portuguese wanted to control trade Took Sofala, Kilwa and Mombasa Portuguese also sold slaves here Great Zimbabwe 1200-1400 AD – Swahili city-state Zimbabwe- Bantu for stone enclose controlled trade routes-gold to coast political, economic and religious center 1450 abandoned city, don’t know why Mutapa Empire ca. 1429-1500’s AD man named Mutota left Great Zimbabwe and traveled north, established new city sold gold, sent to Swahili coast to trade for luxury goods. Dailies: Africa Why was salt such an important commodity? What did Mansa Musa do in Egypt? What is Swahili? Why is the Bantu migration so important to African History? Why is studying African history sometimes difficult?
