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Fusion Review Africa Geography Bantu Aksum World History/Napp A. Sahara It is the belief that spirits are present in animals, plants, and other natural forces, and also take the form of the souls of their ancestors. It was an early African belief. ________ B. Savanna They originally lived in the savanna south of the Sahara, in the area that is now southeastern Nigeria and when they learned to farm and engaged in slash and burn farming, they needed more land and migrated throughout sub-Saharan Africa spreading agriculture, iron and language. ________ C. Desertification It is the movement of people from one land to another. It might occur due to a need for farmland or resources or it might occur to avoid harm. _______ D. Griots It was located south of Kush on a rugged plateau on the Red Sea, in what are now the countries of Eritrea and Ethiopia. It grew wealthy from trade and was a powerful kingdom. ________ E. Animism It is the world’s largest desert. It separates North Africa from the rest of Africa. It is a barrier but not an impenetrable barrier. Nomads crossed it with camel caravans. __ F. The Bantu Few early African societies had written languages instead, storytellers shared orally the history and literature of a culture. In West Africa, these storytellers, were called this and kept history alive, passing it from parent to child. _________ G. Migration This king of Aksum converted to Christianity. To the present day, there are many Christians in Ethiopia. ________ H. Aksum These tropical grasslands cover almost half of Africa. They are home to farmers and herders. _________ I. Ezana It is farming that occurs on mountains. The rugged terrain must be adapted to create flat spaces for farming. _______ J. Terrace Farming The Sahel is a narrow strip of land between the Sahara and the savanna. This fragile ecosystem is often being over-farmed leading to this. _________ Between 500 B.C. and A.D. 1500, the migration of the Bantu people of Africa led to the diffusion of 1. languages and metallurgical skills 2. porcelain and cannons 3. camels and Islam 4. cuneiform and galley ships The Bantu migrations in Africa (500 B.C.– A.D. 1500) had the greatest impact on the development of modern African 1. languages 2. market systems 3. transportation systems 4. architecture “One theory is that there were waves of migration, one moving through the east of Africa and another making its way through the centre of the continent. In Zambia, there is evidence of at least three routes of migration – from the great lakes, from the Congo forest and from Angola.” ~ Source: BBC, The Story of Africa: Early History This passage about the early history of Africa describes migrations associated with which group of people? 1. Phoenicians 2. Bantu 3. Moors 4. Babylonians Which statement about the Bantu migration is an opinion rather than a fact? 1. The migration occurred gradually over a long period of time. 2. Language and knowledge spread from northwestern to southern and eastern Africa. 3. The lack of primary documents makes it difficult to determine the exact cause of the migration. 4. Bantu civilization was superior to those civilizations that it displaced. One similarity between the Nile River valley and savanna lands in Africa is that they both 1. served as major barriers to the movement of people and goods 2. provided necessary resources for settlement 3. are located on the western side of the continent 4. had little effect on the lives of the people who lived in these regions The remarkable oral tradition of subSaharan Africa was preserved primarily by 1. Muslim African scholars. 2. Professional singers and griots. 3. Village chiefs and diviners. 4. Women. Trade and communications networks were slower to penetrate sub-Saharan Africa compared to other regions because 1. Africans had little contact with each other. 2. Africans did not have any goods that others wanted to trade for. 3. There was a language barrier. 4. There were formidable geographic barriers to overcome. The earliest Bantu migrants were 1. aggressive warriors. 2. hunting and gathering peoples. 3. fishing peoples. 4. agriculturalists. All of the following stimulated African migrations EXCEPT 1. iron metallurgy. 2. bubonic plague. 3. population pressure. 4. agriculture. Base your answers to the questions on the map below and on your knowledge of social studies. This map illustrates the relationship between 1. religion and government 2. ironworking and trans-Saharan trade 3. humans and environment 4. monsoons and flooding Which concept is best supported by this map? 1. Cultural Diffusion 2. Nationalism 3. Imperialism 4. Mercantilism The arrows on the map clearly indicate that the Bantu migrated to the South. According to the map, a primary reason for the direction of this movement was access to 1. religious sites 2. trade fairs 3. river irrigation 4. iron deposits Aksum British Museum There are very few clues as to what Aksum was like. Most of the evidence is archaeological. From remains we can see that this Ethiopian kingdom may have been one of the most important states in the region. Source 1 The Aksumites developed a civilisation of considerable sophistication. Aksum’s contribution in such fields as architecture and ceramics is both original and impressive. ~ Munro-Hay 1991: 10 Source 2 Red jar, AD 275 – 350 British Museum Source 3 Aksum’s political control extended to regions beyond the modern borders of Ethiopia and Eritrea. Large areas of southern Arabia were ruled from Aksum at intervals between the 3rd and 6th centuries AD. ~ Phillipson 1998: 51 Source 4 The general prosperity and reputation of the country led the Persian religious leader Mani to label Aksum as the third of the kingdoms of the world in the later 3rd century. ~ Munro-Hay 1991: 13 Source 5 Gold coins of King Ezana, c. AD 320–360 British Museum Source 6 Copper coin, AD 340 – 540 British Museum Source 7 No other sub-Saharan African state issued its own independent coinage in ancient times. Indeed, only a few other contemporary states anywhere in the world could issue coinage in gold – Rome, Persia. ~ Munro-Hay 1999: 9 Source 8 Aksum developed a civilisation and empire whose influence, at its height in the 4th and 5th centuries AD, extended throughout the regions lying south of the Roman Empire, from the fringes of the Sahara in the west, across the Red Sea to the inner Arabian desert in the east. The Aksumites developed Africa’s only indigenous written script, Ge’ez … They traded with Egypt, the eastern Mediterranean and Arabia. ~ Reader 1997: 202 Source 9 ~ Modern Ethiopian cushion cover showing King Solomon of Jerusalem and Queen Sheba of Aksum beneath stelae. British Museum Questions: 1- What can you learn about Aksum from these sources? 2- When was Aksum most important? 3- How important was Aksum according to these sources? Some aspects of religion in Ethiopia have changed since the time of Aksum, while others have remained more or less the same. Ethiopia is one of the oldest Christian states in the world, and 60% still follow the Orthodox Church. See if you can spot examples of change and continuity. ~ British Museum Source 1 There is good evidence that building stelae as grave-markers was a widespread practice over much of north-eastern Africa during the last 5,000 – 2,000 years. ~ Phillipson 1998: 95 Source 2 Aksumite stelae field with low-status stelae Source 3 Those tombs of the wealthy which are roughly dated to the period after the adoption of Christianity appear to be less flamboyantly showing off power, but they do retain many features from earlier times. ~ Phillipson 1998: 111 Source 4 Coins of Ezana, before and after conversion to Christianity ~ British Museum Source 5 The present Old Cathedral at Aksum stands on a massive podium…of typical Aksumite style. The date of the original Cathedral is firmly placed by Ethiopian tradition in the reign of Ezana. ~ Phillipson 1998: 116 Source 6 Church of St George, Lalibela, Ethiopia, built in the 12th or 13th century Source 7 1- What evidence of religion is there from before the time of Ezana? 2- What examples of continuity are there in Ethiopian religion? St. George and the Dragon 17th-century Ethiopian painting ~ British Museum