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Chapter 7 Religion Pages 193-236 Field Note: The Soviet Union came to be during the 1920s. The Soviet Union dissolved in 1991 and the republics became independent states, ethnic strife broke out almost immediately. In 1996, the Russian Orthodox Church rebuilt the Cathedral of Christ the Savior two blocks from the Kremlin. Religion; how different religions dispose of the deceased •Religion is one of the most complex and controvesial aspects of the human condition Hindus: Cremate… reincarnation •Christians & Jews Bury… Cmemteries, crosses, tombs, mosoleums In largely Christian, western regions, the deceased are buried in large, sometimes elaborate cemeteries. Centrality of Religious Landmarks •Centrality = in the center… of city & of cultural life •Why were churches, mosques, & Synagogues built in or near the center of the towns? –Importance and ease of access for all followers One of common rituals between Judaism, Hinduism, and Christianity is the concept of prayer. What religious symbols are evident in landscapes? •Islam: Domes and minarets, Grand Mosque in Mecca, Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem •Hinduism: Crematoriums, shrines •Christianity: Toponyms (St. Thomas), Steeples, Crosses, Cemetaries •Judaism: Synagogues, Domes, Star of David, Menorahs, Yarmulkahs, cemeteries •Wailing Wall •Buddhism: Stupas, Wats Architectural Structure The style of a particular culture or society’s buildings, which varies dramatically over space and time. Western Wall, Jerusalem… Wailing wall. Dome of the Rock in the background… With Minaret Jewish neighborhoods in European Cities the Old Jewish Cemetery in Prague, the Czech Republic Synagogues Religion’s impact in history and culture is evident in its centrality in many places. Secularism is now prevailed in some societies. The cathedral in Antwerp was built beginning in 1352 and still dominates the central part of town. Disposition of the Deceased Each religion approaches the disposition of the deceased in different ways, and cultural landscapes reflect the religious traditions. Hindu crematorium in Mombasa, Kenya Hindu Temple – Angkor Wat, Cambodia. This temple suffers from neglect and destruction now, as Buddhism has supplanted Hinduism in most of Cambodia. Buddhist Stupas 72 stupas, each containing a sculpture of the Buddha in meditation were built around 800 CE and still stand in Borobudur, Indonesia Buddhism is mixed with local religions in some places. In Japan, Buddhism is mixed with the local religion, Shintoism. Shinto Shrine In Kyoto, Japan, this Shinto shrine is visible after walking through a torii – a gateway usually formed by two wooden posts and topped by two horizontal beams. Classifications of Religions •Monotheistic religions – worship a single deity. (Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Zoroastrianism) • •Polytheistic religions – worship more than one deity, even thousands. (Hinduism) • •Animistic religions – belief that inanimate objects posses spirits and should be revered. (Tribal and Indigenous religions) In an ethnic religion, adherents are born into the faith and converts are not actively sought. From the Hearth of South Asia 16 • Hinduism – originated in Indus River Valley what is now Pakistan over 4000 years ago. * ritual bathing, karma, reincarnation ranks 3rd after christianity and islam as a world religion. Mainly found in India. sacred text: Vedas sacred sites: Ganges River, Varanasi social manifestation: caste system diffusion: through South Asia and into Southeast Asia also exists where Indians have migrated to. Ganges River in Holy City of Varanasi 18 This map shows the hearths and major routes of diffusion of the four major world religions. Angkor Wat in Cambodia was built by Hindu Migrants around 1100. It marks the earliest period of Hinduism’s diffusion into Southeast Asia. From the Hearth of South Asia • Buddhism – splintered from Hinduism about 2500 years ago. Originated in a region from Nepal south to the Ganges River area. Buddhists believe anyone can achieve salvation and reach enlightenment founder: Siddartha Gautama (the Buddha) sacred sites: stupas diffusion: most strongly into Tibet in the north and into East Asia, common in Japan Buddhism spread into Southeast Asia with early land and sea traders, which is common in Japan today. From the Hearth of Huang He River Valley From the Hearth of Huang He River Valley • Taoism – originated in China more than 2500 years ago Taoists believe in oneness of humanity and nature founder: Lao-Tsu sacred text: “Book of the Way” social manifestation: Feng Shui - art and science of organizing living space in order to channel the life forces that exist in nature. diffusion: East Asia From the Hearth of Huang He River Valley • Confucianism – originated in China about 2500 years ago * real meaning of life lay in the present founder: Confucius sacred text: “Confucian Classics” diffusion: Korean Peninsula, Japan, and Southeast Asia From the Hearth of the Eastern Mediterranean From the Hearth of the Eastern Mediterranean • Judaism – originated in Southwest Asia about 4000 years ago. * first major monotheistic religion, covenant between God and Abraham. sacred text: Torah founder: Abraham sacred sites: Jerusalem (Western Wall), the land between the Mediterranean and the Jordan River social manifestation: Zionism diffusion: into European cities during the Diaspora, into North America during WWII, and into Israel. From the Hearth of the Eastern Mediterranean • Christianity – originated in Southwest Asia about 2000 years ago. * monotheistic religion, follow teachings of Jesus to achieve eternal life sacred text: Bible founder: Jesus (son of God) sacred sites: Bethlehem, Jerusalem split in the church: * split into Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches in 1054 * Protestant (Martin Luther) sects split off in 1400s and 1500s diffusion: into Western Europe, and then world wide during colonialism and after. Christianity spread throughout Roman Empire, it split into Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic leaving eastern Europe (except Romania) Orthodox and Western Europe Catholic. Luther’s reformation (Protestant) splits from the Catholic Church bringing the Protestant religions to Germany and Henry VIII’s split to England. Protestantism and Catholicism spread with Colonialism. First Split in Christianity, 1054 CE Western Roman empire = Roman Catholicism Eastern Roman empire = Eastern Orthodox Religions of Europe Protestant = Purple Blue = Catholicism Red = Orthodxy Green = Islam Religions in Switzerland concentrations of Catholics and Protestants by canton and commune in Switzerland. • Islam – From the Hearth of the Eastern Mediterranean originated on Arabian peninsula about 1500 years ago. * monotheistic religion, revelations Muhammad received from Allah, Five Pillars. sacred text: Qu’ran founder: Muhammad sacred sites: Mecca, Medina, Jerusalem split in the church: * shortly after Muhammad’s death, split into Sunni Muslims (great majority) Shi’ite Muslims (concentrated in Iran) diffusion: across Arabian peninsula, across North Africa, into Spain and also east into Southeast Asia Many Islamic states in the Middle East region combine religion and state and don’t separate them. This is called theocracy. Diffusion of Islam Minaret stands on the Sabah State Mosque in Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia and creates a strong Muslim imprint on the cultural landscape of the city. Diffusion of Islam into Europe large mosque in Paris signifies the Islamic migration to France over the past several decades. Shamanist • Shamanism – a community faith tradition in which people follow their shaman, a religious leader, teacher, healer, and visionary. • Unlike Christianity or Islam, Shamanist faiths are small and comparatively isolated. • Shamanism is a traditional religion, an intimate part of a local culture or society, but not all traditional religions are shamanist. The Former Yugoslavia Genocide Ethnic Cleansing The Former Yugoslavia Slovenians and Croats - Catholic Serbians and Montenegrans- Eastern Orthodox Yugoslavia means “land of the South Laws” The country was formed in the aftermath of WW1 before 1920. After 1945, Yugoslavia was under the control of Josip Broz Tito Tito died in 1980, and Slobodan Milosevic ruled for the benefits of the Serbs “Ethnic Cleansing”- came into use to describe the outer Bosnian Muslims and others from their homes and lands The Former Yugoslavia More than 2.5 million Bosnians were driven out from their homes. International community belatedly became involved Countries joined United Nations: Slovenia, Croatia, Serbia and Montenegro, Macedonia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina. In 2003, Yugoslavia disappeared and was replaced by Serbia and Montenegro. A final development unfolded when a group of Muslims in Kosovo demanded autonomy. This led to the founding new state of Kosovo. Northern Ireland Identities are tied to Religion, but are deepened by: -Economics -colonial experiences -activity spaces (segregation) Northern Ireland northern Ireland and Great Britain form the United Kingdom Colonization began in the 16th century During the 1800’s, migrants were drawn to NE Ireland where industrial jobs and opportunities were high. In the late 1800’s Irish Catholics began reinvigorating Celtic and Irish traditions The Protestant majority in N Ireland constituted two thirds of its population Frederick Boal wrote a seminal work in 1969 on the Northern Irish. Northern Ireland The ongoing conflict between Protestants and Catholics in Northern Ireland made little sense. In 1990s Boal updated his study of Northern Ireland and found hope for a resolution. April 1998, the adoption of the Anglo-Irish peace agreement was made, also known as Belfast agreement & Good Friday Northern Ireland Identities are tied to Religion, but are deepened by: -Economics -colonial experiences -activity spaces (segregation) Religious Fundamentalism and Extremism •Religious fundamentalism – a return to the basics of their faith. found in Christianity, Judaism, and Islam •Religious extremism – fundamentalism carried to the point of violence. found in Christianity, Judaism, and Islam Christianity Among the issues giving rise to disputes include - birth control - family planning - role of women in religious bureaucracy ● In the US, Christian fundamentalism is also associated with protestant faiths. ● protestant churches have become increasingly active in political and social arguments ● Woman are not allowed to serve as priests in roman catholic religion Judaism has fundamentalist sects one major is orthodox jewish extremist groups include: Kach and Kahane Chai followers Rabbai Kahane espoused anti-arabism in his teachings, and his followers (Kahane Chai) continued to do so. Members of Kach or Katherine Chai are suspected in several terrorists acts in Israel Islamic Extremists and Jihad an Islamic holy war against the West Islam Shar’ia Laws-The system of islamic law, sometimes called the Qu’ranic law. It is based on varying degrees of interpretation of the Qu’ran. Jihad- Islamic Holy war The taliban in Afghanistan provided a haven for the activities of islamic extremists. Wahhabi Islam is the opposition belief as to what was seen as sacrilegious practices during the Ottoman rule. Religious Fundamentalism and Extremism •Religious fundamentalism – a return to the basics of their faith. found in Christianity, Judaism, and Islam •Religious extremism – fundamentalism carried to the point of violence. found in Christianity, Judaism, and Islam Christianity Among the issues giving rise to disputes include - birth control - family planning - role of women in religious bureaucracy ● In the US, Christian fundamentalism is also associated with protestant faiths. ● protestant churches have become increasingly active in political and social arguments ● Woman are not allowed to serve as priests in roman catholic religion Judaism has fundamentalist sects one major is orthodox jewish extremist groups include: Kach and Kahane Chai followers Rabbai Kahane espoused anti-arabism in his teachings, and his followers (Kahane Chai) continued to do so. Members of Kach or Katherine Chai are suspected in several terrorists acts in Israel Islamic Extremists and Jihad an Islamic holy war against the West Islam Shar’ia Laws-The system of islamic law, sometimes called the Qu’ranic law. It is based on varying degrees of interpretation of the Qu’ran. Jihad- Islamic Holy war The taliban in Afghanistan provided a haven for the activities of islamic extremists. Wahhabi Islam is the opposition belief as to what was seen as sacrilegious practices during the Ottoman rule. Interfaith Boundary in Africa Religious Landscapes in the United States Map does not show small areas where other religions dominate. Map does not show areas where density of adherents is really high. Map gives greater importance to small populations. Map masks much “diversity” and “variation” in religions. Not able to view subcounty variation. Map overgeneralizes. Christian Denominations in the U.S. Baptist denominations---”Bible Belt” of SE US Lutheran---upper Midwest Methodist---midland states Spanish Catholicism---SW US and parts of Fla Mormons---Utah and parts of surrounding states Catholicism---NE The West is mixed. Mormon Mormonism began in the eastern US, but believers migrated west to Utah, an area outside the authority of those who persecuted them. Mormon families grew and migrated throughout the region to farm new areas that could be cultivated in the intermountain West. 1880-1920: great wave of European immigration, no new immigrants with different religions came to this region because of lack of urbanization. Lutheran Original migration from northern and western Europe: Germans and Scandinavians migrated from Europe. in large numbers, bringing with them their religion. Railroad companies and state governments recruited these groups to farm. Chain migration occurred as relatives continued to arrive. Lack of later immigrations of other religions: Later groups from Europe (Jewish, Catholic, Orthodox) did not come, as the region lacked the pull of cities. Indigenous religion with origins in small towns and rural areas of the sw US. Upper Midwest did not attract rural-to-urban migration from the South during the twentieth century because of the smaller number of cities. Baptist Indigenous religion with origins in small towns and rural areas of the s.e. US. Baptist religion matured as an indigenous religion in the rural South. Based on Calvinism brought from Europe. No requirement for formally credentialed clergy. Baptists appealed to African-Americans excluded from mainline Protestant denominations in the South. Baptists included other groups that created locally specific church communities. Lack of immigration: Other groups of European immigrants with different religions were not attracted to this predominantly agricultural region. Protestant and Catholic Landscapes in the United States Scandinavian Lutheran Church. Simple architecture common in Protestant church's in Great Plains (on left) St. Mary’s Catholic Church. More decorative structure with stained glass is mostly found in Catholic Churches in Great Plains. (on right) Sacred Spaces Areas or places of religious or spiritual significance. Historical---Dome of the Rock, Western Wall in Jerusalem Current---cathedrals, mosques, temples, tabernacles Cemeteries are often included as death and the afterlife are integral to many religions. Sacred Landscapes of Islam Muslim Mosques Dome of this mosque in Isfahan, Iran demonstrates the importance of geometric art and calligraphy evident in Muslim architecture. Example of Islam's greatest artistic expression The Hajj The well known Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca, one of the 5 pillars of Islam, a once-in-a-lifetime pilgrimage of all able Muslims. Pilgrims circle the holy Kaaba in the Grand Mosque in Mecca, Saudi Arabia during the Hajj. More about Islam • Beautifully designed mosques in the cities • 5 times a day the faithful pray at the Minarets • All Muslims must make the journey to Mecca once in their lifetime (if able) • Some sects of Islam believe in ziarats (nonhajj pilgrimages) Choose a pilgrimage site, such as Mecca, Vatican City, or the Western Wall, and describe how the act of pilgrimage (in some cases by millions) alters this place’s cultural landscape and environment. Key Question: What Role does Religion play in Political Conflicts? Government Impact on Religion The Soviet Union: - Had an official policy of atheism - Discouraged religious practice - Drew boundaries for political control that separated ethnic groups in small areas Armenia and Azerbaijan Soviet Union’s divide-and-diminish plan Conflicts along Religious Borders • Interfaith Boundaries – Boundaries between the world’s major faiths. (Northern Ireland and North Africa) – Some see religious differences as a source of social division. • Intrafaith Boundaries – Boundaries within a single major faith. (Sunnis & Shiites in Iraq) Israel and Palestine Region with one of the largest religious conflict in the world. By the late 1940's the Jews and Palestinians started open warfare between each other. Due to the Arab-Israeli war, Israel gained control of some Palestinian lands (Gaza strip) Landscapes of Settlements Israelis have had a policy of building settlements for Jews in the Occupied Territories Landscape of the Gaza Strip, 2005 In 2005, the Israeli government pulled out of the Gaza Strip, burning down Jewish settlements and handing control over back to the Palestinians. The West Bank with a the proposed security wall, parts of which the Israeli government has already built. The Horn of Africa Amharic (Coptic) Christianity is in central Ethiopia Islam diffused into the Horn of Africa Indigenous religions remain in pockets , The Former Yugoslavia Genocide Ethnic Cleansing Many religious & linguistic fault lines in this area. The Balkan Peninsula is the dividing line between language in Europe. Northern Ireland Mix between Celtic and Roman Catholic Identities are tied to Religion, but are deepened by: - Economics - colonial experiences - activity spaces (segregation)