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Term 1 Final Exam Study Guide
When was Lavoisier around and why is he important?
What are extensive properties of matter? Give three examples.
What are intensive properties of matter? Give four examples.
What is the difference between a physical and a chemical change in matter? Give examples of
each.
What are three good hints that a chemical change has occurred?
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What are three common states of matter? List properties of each state.
What is the difference between a substance and a mixture? Is carbon a substance? What about
water? Air? Explain.
What is a homogeneous mixture? Give examples.
What is a heterogeneous mixture? Give examples.
If a sample can be separated physically it is a (an) __________________________.
If a sample can only be separated chemically it is a (an) _______________ or ______________ .
Which are more chemically similar, the elements within a Group or within a Period?
What are four characteristics of metals?
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What is a characteristic of nonmetals?
Where are nonmetals found on the Periodic Table?
What are metalloids?
Give answers with correct significant figures:
5 x 109.32
400.00 x 333.667
5.25 x 100
ten cows x 125.0
5.55 x 2.6
0.00350 x 425.5
(7.36 x 1026)( 3.00 x 10-5)
What is the law of definite proportions? Give an example.
What is the law of multiple proportions? Give an example?
Who was John Dalton?
What are the five parts of Dalton’s Theory of the atom?
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Which two parts of Dalton’s Theory had to be modified? Why did these two parts have to be
changed?
Explain J.J. Thomson’s cathode ray experiment:
What did Thomson’s cathode ray experiment demonstrate?
Once electrons were discovered, chemists knew there had to be something like protons. How did
they know that?
What was the “plum pudding” model of the atom?
Describe Ernest Rutherford’s “gold foil” experiment:
What did Rutherford’s experiment demonstrate?
How does the mass of an electron compare to that of a proton?
How did Rutherford’s experiment affect the “plum pudding” model?
What caused the deflection of alpha particles in the Rutherford’s gold foil experiment?
Why did most of the alpha particles in the gold foil experiment travel through without being
deflected?
What is the atomic number of iron? Potassium?
What is the mass number?
If a nitrogen atom has 8 neutrons, what is its mass number?
If a plutonium atom has 150 neutrons, what is its mass number?
How many neutrons in plutonium-248?
How many neutrons in carbon-14?
What are isotopes?
What changes between isotopes: mass number or atomic number or both?
How many electrons in an atom of titanium-51?
How many atomic mass units (U) is a proton? What about a neutron? An electron?
What is average atomic mass?
What is the average atomic mass of nickel? Zirconium?
Element X an atomic number of 92 and has three isotopes. 95.5% of its atoms have 170 neutrons,
2.7% have 172 neutrons, and 1.8% have 177 neutrons. What is the average atomic mass of
element X?
What is Avogadro’s number?
If I had a mole of pizza slices, how many would that be?
What is the molar mass of silver?
What is the molar mass of methane?
How many moles in 1.02 x 1026 atoms of iridium?
How many grams is 8.50 moles of strontium?
How many grams is 1.80 x 1028 atoms of lithium?
How many atoms in 47.8 grams of glucose?
How many grams in 6.00 moles of methane?
How many atoms in 0.452 moles of water?
Give 5 examples of electromagnetic radiation:
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What is frequency?
What is wavelength?
How are frequency and wavelength related to each other?
What is a quantum?
What is the relationship between the frequency and the energy of electromagnetic radiation?
What is the relationship between the wavelength and the energy of electromagnetic radiation?
What is an electron’s ground state?
What is an electron’s excited state?
Why do electrons move back and forth between ground and excited states?
What happens when an electron moves from an excited state to a ground state?
Why is the emission-line spectrum of hydrogen (or any element) a series of discrete lines instead
of a continuous spectrum?
How did Bohr’s model of the atom improve upon Rutherford’s and explain the emission-line
spectrum of hydrogen?
What was a problem with Bohr’s model of the atom?
What is Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle?
How does the Quantum Model of the atom describe electron orbitals?
Whose equations accurately predicted emission-line spectra for all elements and laid the
foundation for the Quantum Model?
What does the Principle quantum number tell you?
How many electrons can exist in the first main energy level?
How many electrons can exist in the second main energy level?
How many electrons can exist in the third main energy level?
How many sublevels are there in the first main energy level? What are they?
How many sublevels are there in the second main energy level? What are they?
How many sublevels are there in the third main energy level? What are they?
How many sublevels are there in the fourth main energy level? What are they?
How many orbitals can exist in an s sublevel? How many electrons?
How many orbitals can exist in a p sublevel? How many electrons?
How many orbitals can exist in a d sublevel? How many electrons?
How many orbitals can exist in an f sublevel? How many electrons?
What is the Aufbau principle? Give an example:
What is the Pauli exclusion principle? Give an example:
What is Hund’s rule? Give an example:
What two features of elements did Mendeleev use to organize his Table of elements?
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What two features of elements are used to organize the modern Periodic Table?
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What are two characteristics of nonmetals?
Where are metalloids found on the Periodic Table? Give three examples.
Which Group number includes the halogens?
Which Group number includes the Noble gases?
Which Group number includes the alkaline earth metals?
Which Group number includes the alkali metals?
What are the s and p sublevel e- configurations of the Noble gases?
What Group numbers include the Main Group elements? Which blocks are these?
Which Group numbers include the transition metals? What block is this?
Where are the inner transition metals? What block is this?
In which Period is the 3d sublevel filled?
In which Period is the 5f sublevel filled?
In which Period is the 4s sublevel filled?
In which Period is the 2p sublevel filled?
What is the highest occupied sublevel in a bromine atom?
How many electrons are in that sublevel?
What is the highest occupied main energy level for a strontium atom?
How many electrons are in that main energy level?
What is nuclear attraction? Give two examples of how this affects periodic trends:
What is shielding? Give two examples of how this affects periodic trends:
How does atomic radius change as you go down a Group? Why?
How does atomic radius change as you go across a Period? Why?
What is ionization energy?
How does ionization energy change as you go down a Group? Why?
How does ionization energy change as you go across a Period? Why?
What is electronegativity?
How does electronegativity change as you go down a Group? Why?
How does electronegativity change as you go across a Period? Why?
What is an ion?
What is a cation?
Is a cation larger or smaller than the atom from which it formed?
What is an anion?
Is an anion larger or smaller than the atom from which it formed?
What types of elements form cations?
What types of elements form anions?
What are valence electrons?
How many valence electrons in a carbon atom? Potassium? Sodium? Bromine?
Describe a chemical bond:
Why would two atoms form a bond?
What is a covalent bond?
What types of atoms form covalent bonds? Give two examples.
What is an ionic bond?
What types of elements form ionic bonds? Give an example.
What is a nonpolar covalent bond?
What is a polar covalent bond?
Why are some covalent bonds nonpolar and some polar?
What is a molecule?
What types of atoms form molecules?
What is a molecular compound? Give three examples.
What are the seven elements that exist as diatomic molecules?
What are the three forces at work when two atoms are bonding?What is bond energy?
How are the energy released when a bond forms and the energy needed to break a bond related?
Show the electron dot structures for sodium, chlorine, carbon and selenium:
Predict whether the following pairs would be ionic, nonpolar covalent or polar covalent:
S and N Br and H Rb and I Li and Cl S and I C and H Ni and Cl Cu and O H and N
1. Draw the Lewis structures (show resonance structures if necessary)
2. Determine if the molecule is polar or nonpolar
3. Determine the geometry
CO32-
water
NO3-
CH2Cl2
CH2O
PH3
HCN
N2
Atom/
Ion
FULL Electron Configuration
(Shaded = noble gas configuration)
Ni+
p+
n0
28
30
e-
Mass
#
1+
1s2 2s2 2p6
24
50
69
2+
49
197Au
0
Se 2Al
Atom/
Ion
Rb
Charge
79
Electron Configuration
(write SMALL and NEATLY)
p
+
14
n0
e
-
Mass
#
0
Charge
48
15
1s22s22p63s23p6
How many grams in 3.01 x 1029 atoms of copper?
What is the molar mass of Al2O3?
What is the molar mass of carbon dioxide?
How many moles in 45.6kg of tin?
How many moles in 3.01 x 10 21 atoms of radium?
How many grams is 25.0 moles of water?
How many atoms in 5.5 moles of glucose?
-3
16
40
Fe
16
32
40
91
56
-2
Five moles of an element has a mass of 456.1 grams. What is the element?
If 15.3 moles of a diatomic molecule has a mass of 489.6 grams, what is the molecule?
What is the mass of 6.25 moles of nitrogen gas?
What is the mass of 0.85 moles of bromine gas?
Give an example of a molecule that is not a compound:
Show the molecular formula for methane:
Show the structural formula for methane:
What is the “octet rule”?
Who discovered the octet rule?
What is the name of a sodium cation?
What is the name of an iodine anion?
What is a formula unit?
How is a formula unit different from a molecular formula?
What holds the particles in an ionic compound together?
What is the coordination number of an ion in an ionic compound?
What are three characteristics of ionic compounds?
What is a polyatomic ion? Give two examples:
Describe the structure of a metal:
How is the distribution of electrons in a metal different than in ionic or covalent compounds?
What are alloys? Give two examples of alloys?
What are two classes of alloys, and how are they different?
Explain VSEPR Theory:
Why do the hydrogens in a methane molecule form a tetrahedral arrangement?
What is the bond angle in a tetrahedron?
What is the bond angle in a molecule with a pyramidal geometry (like ammonia)?
What is the bond angle in a molecule with bent geometry (like water)?
What is the bond angle in carbon dioxide?
How many unshared pairs of electrons in a water molecule?
Why is water a polar molecule, but carbon dioxide is not?
Describe four types of intermolecular forces, with examples, and identify the relative strength of
the forces:
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What is the strongest intermolecular force that would be present in:
1. HI
2. H2O
3. CO2
4. CH4
5. a solution of sodium chloride and water
Identify the order in which these compounds would vaporize, and explain your reasoning:
1. a salt water solution (NaCl + water)
2. pure water
3. propane (C4H10)
4. HCl
Who is the only person ever to win 2 individual Nobel Prizes, and what did this person do to win
each of them?
How does the electronegativity difference between two atoms relate to whether they form an
ionic or covalent bond?
How do ionic and covalent compounds compare with respect to boiling point, melting point and
vaporization? Why?
What is bond energy and how is it related to bond length?