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Special Topics Lesson Plan Chapter 14 150 minutes Learning Objectives 1. Identify and define the combining forms and suffixes introduced in this chapter. 2. Correctly spell and pronounce medical terms relating to the medical fields introduced in this chapter. 3. Describe pertinent information relating to pharmacology. 4. Describe pertinent information relating to mental health. 5. Describe pertinent information relating to diagnostic imaging. 6. Describe pertinent information relating to rehabilitation services. 7. Describe pertinent information relating to surgery. 8. Describe pertinent information relating to oncology. 9. Identify and define vocabulary terms relating to the topics. 10. Identify and define selected pathology terms relating to the topics. 11. Identify and define selected diagnostic procedures relating to the topics. 12. Identify and define selected therapeutic procedures relating to the topics. 13. Define selected abbreviations associated with the topics. Minutes Concepts for Lecture ©2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. Fremgen and Frucht, Lesson Plans for Medical Terminology, A Living Language, 5/e Teaching Notes 20 mins LO 1 Identify and define the combining forms and suffixes introduced in this chapter. Text Pages: 490; 499; 506; 513; 519; 525 PowerPoint Slides: 59; 59-65; 9598; 127130; 156162; 189193 Pharmacology Combining Forms aer/o air bucc/o cheek chem/o drug cutane/o skin derm/o skin enter/o intestine hal/o to breathe iatr/o physician, medicine, treatment idi/o distinctive lingu/o tongue muscul/o muscle or/o mouth pharmac/o drug rect/o rectum thec/o sheath (meninges) topic/o a specific area toxic/o poison vagin/o vagina ven/o vein Pharmacology Suffixes -al pertaining to -ary pertaining to -genic produced by -ic pertaining to -ical pertaining to -ist specialist ©2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. Fremgen and Frucht, Lesson Plans for Medical Terminology, A Living Language, 5/e Teaching Tips Encourage/remind students to add new word parts to flash cards. Emphasize that it is more important to memorize word parts than individual terms, since many important terms can easily be defined by just breaking them down. Classroom Activities Medical Terminology Bee: Create PowerPoint flash cards of new combining forms, prefixes, and suffixes presented in this chapter. Have all students stand and then define the word part. If the student is correct, he/she remains standing. If the student is wrong, he/she sits down. Continue until only one student is standing. Worksheets 14A – New Combining Form and Suffix Handout Independent Study Medical Terminology Interactive: Flash card generator Learning module Review games Chapter practice exam -logy -phylaxis study of protection Pharmacology Prefixes antiagainst contraagainst ininward intrawithin paranear, beside probefore subunder transthrough Mental Health Combining Forms amnes/o forgetfulness anxi/o fear, worry chondr/o cartilage compuls/o drive, compel deluss/o false belief depress/o to press down electr/o electricity factiti/o artificial, contrived hallucin/o imagined perception klept/o to steal ment/o mind obsess/o besieged by thoughts path/o disease ped/o child pharmac/o drug phob/o irrational fear phren/o mind psych/o mind ©2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. Fremgen and Frucht, Lesson Plans for Medical Terminology, A Living Language, 5/e Companion Website: Chapter quiz Competency Assessments Quiz 14A – New Word Parts Quiz Quiz 14D – Chapter Review Test Bank: Fill-in-the-Blank questions pyr/o schiz/o soci/o somat/o somn/o fire split society body sleep Mental Health Suffixes -al pertaining to -ar pertaining to -ia state, condition -iatrist physician -iatry medical treatment -ic pertaining to -ism state of -logical pertaining to the study of -logist one who studies -logy study of -mania frenzy -orexia appetite -ous pertaining to -philia attracted to -therapy treatment -tic pertaining to Mental Health Prefixes anwithout antiagainst autoself bitwo dewithout disapart exoutward ©2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. Fremgen and Frucht, Lesson Plans for Medical Terminology, A Living Language, 5/e hyperhypoin- excessive below not Diagnostic Imaging Combining Forms anter/o front fluor/o fluorescence, luminous later/o side nucle/o nucleus poster/o back radi/o ray (X-ray) roentgen/o X-ray son/o sound tom/o to cut Diagnostic Imaging Suffixes -al pertaining to -ar pertaining to -graphy process of recording -ic pertaining to -ior pertaining to -logist one who studies -logy study of -lucent to shine through -opaque nontransparent -scopy process of visually examining Diagnostic Imaging Prefix ultrabeyond Rehabilitation Services Combining Forms cry/o cold ©2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. Fremgen and Frucht, Lesson Plans for Medical Terminology, A Living Language, 5/e cutane/o electr/o erg/o habilitat/o hydr/o my/o orth/o phon/o physic/o prosthet/o therm/o skin electric current work ability water muscle straight, correct sound body addition heat Rehabilitation Services Suffixes -al pertaining to -graphy process of recording -ic pertaining to -nomics pertaining to laws -ous pertaining to -phoresis carrying -therapy treatment -tic pertaining to Rehabilitation Services Prefixes reagain transacross ultrabeyond Surgery Combining Forms alges/o pain aspir/o to breathe in cis/o to cut cry/o cold ©2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. Fremgen and Frucht, Lesson Plans for Medical Terminology, A Living Language, 5/e cutane/o dilat/o electr/o esthes/o hal/o hem/o later/o lith/o recumb/o sect/o specul/o tenacul/o topic/o ven/o skin to widen electricity sensation, feeling to breathe blood side stone to lie back to cut to look at to hold a specific area vein Surgery Suffixes -al -ia -ic -ist -logist -logy -otomy -ous -scopic -stasis -stat pertaining to state, condition pertaining to specialist one who studies study of to cut into pertaining to pertaining to visually examining standing still standing still Surgery Prefixes anwithout disapart endowithin ©2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. Fremgen and Frucht, Lesson Plans for Medical Terminology, A Living Language, 5/e inintraperipostpreresub- inward within around after before again under Oncology Combining Forms bi/o life blast/o primitive cell capsul/o to box carcin/o cancerous chem/o drug cyt/o cell immun/o protection lapar/o abdomen laps/o to slide back miss/o to send back morbid/o ill mort/o death mutat/o to change onc/o tumor path/o disease radic/o root radi/o rays (X-rays) tox/o poison Oncology Suffixes -al pertaining to -gen that which produces -genic producing ©2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. Fremgen and Frucht, Lesson Plans for Medical Terminology, A Living Language, 5/e -logic -logist -logy -oma -opsy -otomy -plasia -plasm -therapy pertaining to studying one who studies study of tumor to view to cut into growth, formation growth, formation treatment Oncology Prefixes eninward hyperexcessive inwithin neonew reagain LO 2 Correctly spell and pronounce medical terms relating to the medical fields introduced in this chapter. Text Pages: throughout chapter Pronunciation for medical terms in this chapter can be found: • In parentheses following key terms • In Audio Glossary in Medical Terminology Interactive • In Audio Glossary at Companion Website Teaching Tips Emphasize to students the importance of correctly spelling terms and how sounding out terms can assist in learning how to spell the terms. Say each new term in class and have the students repeat it. Worksheets 14C – Sound It Out Independent Study Medical Terminology Interactive: Audio Glossary Spelling test ©2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. Fremgen and Frucht, Lesson Plans for Medical Terminology, A Living Language, 5/e Competency Assessments Quiz 14B – Spelling Quiz 20 mins LO 3 Describe pertinent information relating to pharmacology. Text Pages: 491496 PowerPoint Slides: 1042 Teaching Tips Use examples of real prescriptions and have students interpret physician’s instructions. Pharmacology • Study of origin, characteristics, and effects of drugs Word Watch: The terms drug and • Drugs are obtained from many different sources: medication have the same meaning. • Vitamins found naturally in foods we eat However, the general public often us• Hormones obtained from animals es the term drug to refer to a narcotic • Penicillin and some other antibiotics are developed from fungi type of medication. The term can also • Plants mean illegal chemical substances. For • Drugs, such as those used in chemotherapy, are synthetic, meaning they are develpurposes of medical terminology, use oped by artificial means in a laboratory of the word drug means medication. Explain to students that since it is obDrug Names viously critical that patients receive • Drugs are chemicals the correct drug, it is not possible to • Chemical name describes chemical formula or molecular structure of drug; for exlist or remember all the drug names. ample, chemical name for ibuprofen is 2-p-isobutylphenyl propionic acid You must acquire the habit of looking • Chemical names are usually very long, so shorter name given to drug; this is generic up any drug name you do not recogor nonproprietary name; recognized and accepted as official name for drug; each nize in the Physician’s Desk Referdrug has only one generic name, such as ibuprofen, and is not subject to copyright ence (PDR). Every medical office or protection, so any pharmaceutical manufacturer may use it medical facility should have a copy of • Pharmaceutical company that originally developed drug has exclusive rights to prothis book. Bring a PDR to class with duce it for 17 years; after that time, any manufacturer may produce and sell drug you and explain how it is organized. • When company manufactures drug for sale, it chooses brand, or proprietary, name for product; company’s trademark for drug; for example, ibuprofen is known by Teaching Resources TM TM TM several brand names, including Motrin , Advil , and Nuprin ; all three contain Image library same ibuprofen; they are just marketed by different pharmaceutical companies Visual Learners: Have students view • Generic drugs are usually priced lower than brand name drugs; physician can indithe Medical Drugs and Pharmacists ©2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. Fremgen and Frucht, Lesson Plans for Medical Terminology, A Living Language, 5/e videos found in the PowerPoint cate on prescription if pharmacist may substitute generic drug for brand name; phypresentation. sician may prefer that particular brand name drug be used if believes it to be more effective than generic drug Visual Learners: Have students view • See Table 14.1 for examples of different drug names the Injections animation found in the PowerPoint presentation. Table 14.1 Examples of Different Drug Names Pop Questions: Use Classroom Response System questions as either Chemical Name Generic Name Brand Names pretest or posttest quiz to gauge stu2-p-isobutylphenyl propionic Ibuprofen Motrin™ dent comprehension during lecture. acid Worksheets Advil™ 14B – Unscramble Nuprin™ 14D – Word Search Puzzle 14E – Crossword Puzzle Acetylsalicylic acid Aspirin Anacin™ 14F – Chapter Review Bufferin™ Excedrin™ S-2-[1-(methylamino) ethyl] benzenemethanol hydrochloride Pseudoephedrine hydrochloride Sudafed™ Actifed™ Nucofed™ Legal Classification of Drugs • Prescription drug can only be ordered by licensed healthcare practitioners such as physicians, dentists, or physician assistants • Drugs must include words “Caution: Federal law prohibits dispensing without prescription” on label; antibiotics, such as penicillin, and heart medications, such as digoxin, are available only by prescription • Prescription—written explanation to pharmacist regarding name of medication, dosage, and times of administration; licensed practitioner can also give prescription ©2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. Fremgen and Frucht, Lesson Plans for Medical Terminology, A Living Language, 5/e Independent Study Homework Assignment Text Practice Exercises: A. Complete the Statement B. Drug Administration Practice E. Prescription Practice Medical Terminology Interactive: Learning module Review games Chapter practice exam Companion Website: Chapter quizzes Competency Assessments Quiz 14D – Chapter Review Test Bank: • • • • • order orally to pharmacist Over-the-counter drug (OTC)—drug that does not require prescription; many medications can be purchased without prescription (e.g., aspirin, antacids, and antidiarrheal medications) However, taking aspirin along with anticoagulant, such as coumadin, can cause internal bleeding in some people; OTC antacids interfere with absorption of prescription drug tetracycline; better for physician or pharmacist to advise patient on proper OTC drugs to use with prescription drugs Controlled substances—drugs that have potential for being addictive (habit forming) or can be abused; Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) enforces control of these drugs Some of the more commonly prescribed controlled substances are: butabarbital chloral hydrate codeine diazepam oxycontin morphine phenobarbital secobarbital Controlled drugs classified as Schedule IV, indicating potential for abuse; differences between each schedule are listed in Table 14.2 Table 14.2 Schedule for Controlled Substances Classification Meaning Schedule I Drugs with the highest potential for addiction and abuse. They are not accepted for medical use. Examples are heroin and LSD. Schedule II Drugs with a high potential for addiction and abuse accepted for medical use in the United States. Examples are codeine, cocaine, morphine, opium, and secobarbi- ©2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. Fremgen and Frucht, Lesson Plans for Medical Terminology, A Living Language, 5/e Fill-in-the-Blank questions True/False questions Multiple-Choice questions Matching questions tal. Schedule III Drugs with a moderate to low potential for addiction and abuse. Examples are butabarbital, anabolic steroids, and acetaminophen with codeine. Schedule IV Drugs with a lower potential for addiction and abuse than Schedule III drugs. Examples are chloral hydrate, phenobarbital, and diazepam. Schedule V Drugs with a low potential for addiction and abuse. An example is low-strength codeine combined with other drugs to suppress coughing. How to Read a Prescription • Difficult to read until understand symbols used; symbols and abbreviations based on Latin and Greek words; used to save time for physician • Example, abbreviation po, meaning to take by mouth, comes from Latin term per os, which means “by mouth” • See Figure 14.1 for example of prescription; as another example, Prescribed medication (Rx) is Tagamet (a medication to reduce stomach acid) 800 milligram (mg) size Instructions on label are to say (Sig) to take 1 ( ) by mouth (po) every (q) bedtime (hs) Pharmacist is to dispense (disp) 30 tablets (#30) Informs pharmacist to refill prescription two times and may substitute with another medication Routes and Methods of Drug Administration • Route of administration—method by which drug is introduced into body; to be effective, drugs must be administered by particular route; in some cases, may be variety of routes; for instance, female hormone estrogen can be administered orally in pill form or by patch applied to skin • The most common routes of administration are described in Table 14.3 ©2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. Fremgen and Frucht, Lesson Plans for Medical Terminology, A Living Language, 5/e Table 14.3 Common Routes of Drug Administration Method Word Parts Description or/o = mouth Includes all drugs that are given by mouth. Oral -al = pertaining to The advantages are ease of administration and a slow rate of absorption via the stomach and intestinal wall. The disadvantages include slowness of absorption and destruction of some chemical compounds by gastric juices. In addition, some medications, such as aspirin, can have a corrosive action on the stomach lining. sub- = under Includes drugs that are held under the Sublingual lingu/o = tongue tongue and not swallowed. The medication -al = pertaining to is absorbed by the blood vessels on the underside of the tongue as the saliva dissolves it. The rate of absorption is quicker than the oral route. Nitroglycerin to treat angina pectoris (chest pain) is administered by this route (see Figure 14.2). in- = inward Includes drugs that are inhaled directly into Inhalation hal/o = to breathe the nose and mouth. Aerosol sprays are administered by this route (see Figure 14.3). para- = near, beIs an invasive method of administering Parenteral side drugs since it requires the skin to be puncenter/o = intestine tured by a needle. The needle with syringe -al = pertaining to attached is introduced either under the skin or into a muscle, vein, or body cavity. Injection into a body cavity such as the per• intracavitary intra- = within -ary = pertaining to itoneal and chest cavity. intra- = within Very shallow injection just under the top • intradermal ©2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. Fremgen and Frucht, Lesson Plans for Medical Terminology, A Living Language, 5/e (ID) derm/o = skin -al = pertaining to • intramuscular (IM) intra- = within muscul/o = muscle -ar = pertaining to • intrathecal intra- = within thec/o = sheath (meninges) -al = pertaining to intra- = within ven/o = vein -ous = pertaining to sub- = under cutane/o = skin -ous = pertaining to trans- = through derm/o = skin -al = pertaining to • intravenous (IV) • subcutaneous (SC) Transdermal Rectal rect/o = rectum -al = pertaining to Topical topic/o = a specific area layer of skin. Commonly used in skin testing for allergies and tuberculosis testing (see Figure 14.4). Injection directly into the muscle of the buttocks, thigh, or upper arm. Used when there is a large amount of medication or it is irritating (see Figure 14.4). Injection into the meningeal space surrounding the brain and spinal cord. Injection into the veins. This route may be set up to deliver medication very quickly or to deliver a continuous drip of medication (see Figure 14.4). Injection into the subcutaneous layer of the skin, usually the upper, outer arm or abdomen (see Figure 14.4); for example, insulin injection. Includes medications that coat the underside of a patch, which is applied to the skin where it is then absorbed. Examples include birth control patches, nicotine patches, and sea sickness patches. Includes medications introduced directly into the rectal cavity in the form of suppositories or solutions. Drugs may have to be administered by this route if the patient is unable to take them by mouth due to nausea, vomiting, or surgery. Includes medications applied directly to the skin or mucous membranes. They are dis- ©2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. Fremgen and Frucht, Lesson Plans for Medical Terminology, A Living Language, 5/e -al = pertaining to Vaginal Eyedrops Eardrops Buccal 5 mins tributed in ointment, cream, or lotion form, and are used to treat skin infections and eruptions. vagin/o = vagina Includes tablets and suppositories that may -al = pertaining to be inserted vaginally to treat vaginal yeast infections and other irritations. Includes drops used during eye examinations to dilate the pupil of the eye for better examination of the interior of the eye. They are also placed into the eye to control eye pressure in glaucoma and treat infections. Includes drops placed directly into the ear canal for the purpose of relieving pain or treating infection. bucc/o = cheek Includes drugs that are placed under the lip -al = pertaining to or between the cheek and gum. Describe pertinent information relating to mental health. Text Pages: 500 PowerPoint Slides: 6668 LO 4 Psychology • Study of human behavior and thought processes • Behavioral science primarily concerned with understanding how human beings interact with their physical environment and with each other • Behavior can be divided into two categories: normal and abnormal • Normal psychology includes how personality develops, how people handle stress, and stages of mental development • Abnormal psychology studies and treats behaviors that are outside of normal and detrimental to person or society; maladaptive behaviors range from occasional difficulty coping with stress, to bizarre actions and beliefs, to total withdrawal • Clinical psychologist, though not physician, is specialist in evaluating and treating persons with mental and emotional disorders ©2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. Fremgen and Frucht, Lesson Plans for Medical Terminology, A Living Language, 5/e Teaching Tips Explain to students that all social interactions pose some problems for some people. These problems are not necessarily abnormal. One means of judging if behavior is abnormal is to compare one person’s behavior with others in the community. Also, if a person’s behavior interferes with the activities of daily living, it is often considered abnormal. All healthcare professionals must take all threats of suicide from patients seriously. Psychologists tell us that there is no clear suicide type, which means that we cannot predict who Psychiatry • Branch of medicine that deals with diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of mental disorders • Psychiatrist is medical physician specializing in care of patients with mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders • Other health professions also have specialty areas in caring for clients with mental illness; examples are psychiatric nurses and psychiatric social workers will actually take his or her own life. Always tell the physician about any discussion a patient has concerning suicide. If you believe a patient is in danger of suicide, do not be afraid to ask, “Are you thinking about suicide?” Show sample questions from Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Index; have students work in groups to write examples of how persons with different mental disorders might answer the questions. Teaching Resources Pop Questions: Use Classroom Response System questions as either pretest or posttest quiz to gauge student comprehension during lecture. Classroom Activities Guest speaker: Invite psychiatrist or psychologist to speak to class on different approaches to evaluating and treating mental illness. Worksheets 14E – Crossword Puzzle 14F – Chapter Review Independent Study Medical Terminology Interactive: ©2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. Fremgen and Frucht, Lesson Plans for Medical Terminology, A Living Language, 5/e Learning module Review games Chapter practice exam Companion Website: Chapter quizzes Competency Assessments Test Bank: Fill-in-the-Blank questions True/False questions 5 mins Describe pertinent information relating to diagnostic imaging. Text Pages: 507 PowerPoint Slides: 99 LO 5 Teaching Tips Use examples of real diagnostic images to emphasize how different procedures produce different views of body. Diagnostic Imaging • Medical specialty that uses variety of methods to produce images of internal structures of body • Images are used to diagnose disease Classroom Activities • Began as roentgenology, named after German physicist Wilhelm Roentgen who dis- Guest speaker: Invite radiologist or covered roentgen rays in 1895; discovery, now commonly known as X-rays, revoluradiologic technologist to speak to tionized diagnosis of disease class on different types of diagnostic images. Independent Study Medical Terminology Interactive: Learning module Review games Chapter practice exam Companion Website: Chapter quizzes ©2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. Fremgen and Frucht, Lesson Plans for Medical Terminology, A Living Language, 5/e 5 mins Describe pertinent information relating to rehabilitation services. Text Pages: 514 PowerPoint Slides: 131136 LO 6 Rehabilitation Services • Goal of rehabilitation is to prevent disability and restore as much function as possible following disease, illness, or injury • Include healthcare specialties of physical therapy and occupational therapy Classroom Activities Guest speaker: Invite PT or OT to speak to class on differences between two types of therapies. Independent Study Medical Terminology Interactive: Learning module Physical Therapy (PT) Review games • Treating disorders using physical means and methods Chapter practice exam • Assess joint motion, muscle strength and endurance, function of heart and lungs, and Companion Website: performance of activities required in daily living; and carry out other responsibilities Chapter quizzes • Treatment includes gait training, therapeutic exercise, massage, joint and soft tissue mobilization, thermotherapy, cryotherapy, electrical stimulation, ultrasound, and hy- Competency Assessments drotherapy Test Bank: • Strengthen muscles, improve motion and circulation, reduce pain, and increase func True/False questions tion Multiple-Choice questions Occupational Therapy (OT) • Regain, develop, and improve skills that are important for independent functioning (activities of daily living) • Work with people who, because of illness, injury, or developmental or psychological impairments, require specialized training in skills that will enable them to lead independent, productive, and satisfying lives in regard to personal care, work, and leisure • Instruct patients in use of adaptive equipment and techniques, body mechanics, and energy conservation • Employ modalities such as heat, cold, and therapeutic exercise 15 mins Describe pertinent information relating to surgery. Text Pages: 520523 PowerPoint Slides: 163177 LO 7 Surgery ©2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. Fremgen and Frucht, Lesson Plans for Medical Terminology, A Living Language, 5/e Teaching Tips Obtain examples of various surgical instruments. • Branch of medicine dealing with operative procedures to correct deformities and defects, repair injuries, and diagnose and cure diseases • Surgeon—physician who has completed additional training of 5 years or more in surgical specialty area; specialty areas include orthopedics; neurosurgery; gynecology; ophthalmology; urology; and thoracic, vascular, cardiac, plastic, and general surgery • Operative report—completed for every procedure performed; includes information pertaining to patient such as name, address, age, patient number, and date of procedure; includes the following: Preoperative diagnosis Indication for procedure Name of procedure Surgical techniques employed Findings during surgery Postoperative diagnosis Name of surgeon • Surgical terminology includes terms related to anesthesiology, surgical instruments, surgical procedures, incisions, and suture materials • Specific surgical procedures are frequently named by using combining form for body part being operated on and adding suffix that describes procedure; for example, incision into chest is thoracotomy; removal of stomach is gastrectomy; surgical repair of skin is dermatoplasty • List of most frequently used surgical suffixes is in Chapter 1 and common surgical procedures are defined in each system chapter Teaching Resources Image library Classroom Activities Guest Speaker: Invite surgical nurses to speak to class on operating room procedures. Worksheets 14B – Unscramble 14D – Word Search Puzzle 14E – Crossword Puzzle 14F – Chapter Review Independent Study Homework Assignment Text Practice Exercises: H. Name the Anesthesia L. Terminology Matching Medical Terminology Interactive: Learning module Review games Chapter practice exam Companion Website: Chapter quizzes Anesthesia • Anesthesiologist—physician specializes in practice of administering anesthetics Competency Assessments • Nurse anesthetist—registered nurse who has received additional training and educa- Quiz 14D – Chapter Review tion in administration of anesthetic medications Test Bank: • Anesthesia results in loss of feeling or sensation True/False questions • Most common types of anesthesia are general, regional, local, and topical anesthesia Multiple-Choice questions (see Table 14.5) Matching questions ©2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. Fremgen and Frucht, Lesson Plans for Medical Terminology, A Living Language, 5/e Table 14.5. Types of Anesthesia Type Word Parts an- = without General esthesi/o = sensation, anesthesia (GA) feeling -ia = state, condition • intravenous (IV) • inhalation Regional anesthesia Local anesthesia • subcutaneous • topical intra- = within ven/o = vein -ous = pertaining to in- = inward hal/o = to breath -al = pertaining to an- = without esthesi/o = sensation, feeling -ia = state, condition -al = pertaining to an- = without esthesi/o = sensation, feeling -ia = state, condition sub- = under cutane/o = skin -ous = pertaining to topic/o = a specific area -al = pertaining to Description Produces a loss of consciousness including an absence of pain sensation. The patient’s vital signs (VS)—heart rate, breathing rate, pulse, and blood pressure—are carefully monitored when using a general anesthetic. Route for administering general anesthesia via injection into a vein. Route for administering general anesthesia by breathing it in. Also referred to as a nerve block. This anesthetic interrupts a patient’s pain sensation in a particular region of the body, such as the arm. The anesthetic is injected near the nerve that will be blocked from sensation. The patient usually remains conscious. Produces a loss of sensation in one localized part of the body. The patient remains conscious. Method of applying local anesthesia involving injecting the anesthetic under the skin. This type of anesthetic is used to deaden the skin prior to suturing a laceration. Method of applying local anesthesia involving placing a liquid or gel directly onto a specific area of skin. This type of anes- ©2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. Fremgen and Frucht, Lesson Plans for Medical Terminology, A Living Language, 5/e thetic is used on the skin, the cornea, and the mucous membranes in dental work. Surgical Instruments • Physicians have developed surgical instruments since time of early Egyptians • Include surgical knives, saws, clamps, drills, and needles • Commonly used surgical instruments are listed in Table 14.6 and shown in Figure 14.15 Table 14.6 Common Surgical Instruments Instrument Word Parts Use aspirator aspir/o = to breathe in Suctions fluid clamp Grasps tissue; controls bleeding curette Scrapes and removes tissue dilator dilat/o = to widen Grasps tissue forceps hemostat Enlarges an opening by stretching hem/o = blood -stat = standing still Forceps to grasp blood vessel to control bleeding probe Explores tissue scalpel Cuts and separates tissue speculum specul/o = to look at Spreads apart walls of a cavity tenaculum tenacul/o = to hold Long-handled clamp trephine Saw that removes disk-shaped piece of tissue or bone ©2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. Fremgen and Frucht, Lesson Plans for Medical Terminology, A Living Language, 5/e Surgical Positions • Patients placed in specific positions so surgeon is able to reach area to be operated on • See Table 14.7 for description of common surgical positions • See Figure 14.16 for illustrations of surgical positions Table 14.7 Common Surgical Positions Position Word Parts Fowler Lateral recumbent Lithotomy Prone Supine Trendelenburg 10 mins later/o = side -al = pertaining to recumb/o = to lie back lith/o = tone -otomy = to cut into Description Sitting with back positioned at a 45° angle Lying on either the left or right side Lying face up with hips and knees bent at 90° angles Lying horizontal with face down Lying horizontal with face up; also called dorsal recumbent Lying face up and on an incline with head lower than legs Describe pertinent information relating to oncology. Text Pages: 526527 PowerPoint Slides: 194200 LO 8 Oncology • Branch of medicine dealing with tumors • Tumor can be benign or malignant • Benign tumor generally not progressive or recurring; generally, benign tumor will have suffix -oma at end of term • Malignant tumor indicates cancerous growth present (see Figure 14.17); terms will usually have word carcinoma added ©2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. Fremgen and Frucht, Lesson Plans for Medical Terminology, A Living Language, 5/e Teaching Resources Image library [Insert icon] Visual Learners: Have students view the Cancer Causes video found in the PowerPoint presentation. Worksheets 14F – Chapter Review • Medical specialty of oncology primarily treats patients who have cancer • Treatment for cancer can consist of variety or combination of treatments • Protocol (prot) for particular patient consists of actual plan of care, including medications, surgeries, and treatments such as chemotherapy and radiation therapy; entire healthcare team, including physician, oncologist, radiologist, nurse, patient, and family, will assist in designing treatment plan Independent Study Homework Assignment Text Practice Exercises: Chart Note Transcription Medical Terminology Interactive: Learning module Review games Chapter practice exam Companion Website: Chapter quizzes Staging Tumors • Staging—process of classifying tumors based on degree of tissue invasion and potential response to therapy • TNM staging system—T refers to the tumor’s size and invasion; N refers to lymph node involvement; M refers to presence of metastases (mets) of tumor cells (see Competency Assessments Figure 14.18) Test Bank: • Tumor can be graded from grade I through grade IV; grade is based on microscopic True/False questions appearance of tumor cells; pathologist rates or grades cells based on whether tumor Multiple-Choice questions resembles normal tissue Short-Answer question • Classification system is illustrated in Table 14.8; grade I tumor is well differentiated and is easier to treat than more advanced grades Table 14.8 Tumor Grade Classification 20 mins Grade Meaning GX The grade cannot be determined. GI The cells are well differentiated. GII The cells are moderately differentiated. GIII The cells are poorly differentiated. GIV The cells are undifferentiated. Identify and define vocabulary terms relating to the topics. Text Pages: 496497; 507508; 514516; 523524; 527528 ©2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. Fremgen and Frucht, Lesson Plans for Medical Terminology, A Living Language, 5/e Teaching Resources Image library LO 9 PowerPoint Slides: 4345; 100106; 137143; 178184; 201206 Pharmacology Terms Term Word Parts addiction additive antidote anti- = against broad spectrum contraindication contra- = against cumulative action drug interaction drug tolerance habituation iatrogenic idiosyncrasy placebo iatr/o = medicine -genic = produced by idi/o = distinctive Definition Acquired dependence on a drug. Sum of the action of two (or more) drugs given. In this case, the total strength of the medications is equal to the sum of the strength of each individual drug. Substance that will neutralize poisons or their side effects. Ability of a drug to be effective against a wide range of microorganisms. Condition in which a particular drug should not be used. Action that occurs in the body when a drug is allowed to accumulate or stay in the body. Occurs when the effect of one drug is altered because it was taken at the same time as another drug. Decrease in susceptibility to a drug after continued use of the drug. Development of an emotional dependence on a drug due to repeated use. Usually an unfavorable response resulting from taking a medication. Unusual or abnormal response to a drug or food. Inactive, harmless substance used to satisfy a patient’s desire for medication. ©2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. Fremgen and Frucht, Lesson Plans for Medical Terminology, A Living Language, 5/e [Insert icon] Visual Learners: Have students view the Circulating Nurse and Scrub Nurse videos found in the PowerPoint presentation. Pop Questions: Use Classroom Response System questions as either pretest or posttest quiz to gauge student comprehension during lecture. Classroom Activities Write sentences on the board using common words. Have students substitute correct medical terms. Jeopardy Game: Have students create questions for terms in this section for Jeopardy game to be played in class—may be combined with Pathology, Diagnostic, and Therapeutic terms. Worksheets 14B – Unscramble 14D – Word Search Puzzle 14E – Crossword Puzzle 14F – Chapter Review Independent Study Homework Assignment Text Practice Exercises: Chart Note Transcription Case Study C. Define the Term potentiation prophylaxis pro- = before -phylaxis = protection side effect tolerance toxicity toxic/o = poison unit dose Diagnostic Imaging Terms Term Word Parts anter/o = front anteroposterior poster/o = back view (AP view) -ior = pertaining to This is also used in research when given to a control group of patients in a study in which another group receives a drug. The effect of the placebo versus the drug is then observed. Giving a patient a second drug to boost (potentiate) the effect of another drug. The total strength of the drugs is greater than the sum of the strength of the individual drugs. Prevention of disease. For example, an antibiotic can be used to prevent the occurrence of a disease. Response to a drug other than the effect desired. Also called an adverse reaction. Development of a capacity for withstanding a large amount of a substance, such as foods, drugs, or poison, without any adverse effect. A decreased sensitivity to further doses will develop. Extent or degree to which a substance is poisonous. Drug dosage system that provides prepackaged, prelabeled, individual medications that are ready for immediate use by the patient. Definition Positioning the patient so that the X-rays pass through the body from the anterior side to the posterior side. ©2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. Fremgen and Frucht, Lesson Plans for Medical Terminology, A Living Language, 5/e N. Terminology Matching Medical Terminology Interactive: Learning module Review games Chapter practice exam Companion Website: Chapter quizzes Competency Assessments Quiz 14D – Chapter Review Test Bank: Fill-in-the-Blank questions True/False questions Multiple-Choice questions Matching questions barium (Ba) film film badge lateral view later/o = side -al = pertaining to oblique view posteroanterior view (PA view) radiography radioisotope radiologist radiolucent radiopaque poster/o = back anter/o = front -ior = pertaining to radi/o = X-ray -graphy = process of recording radi/o = X-ray radi/o = X-ray -logist = one who studies radi/o = X-ray -lucent = to shine through radi/o = X-ray -opaque = nontransparent Soft metallic element from the earth used as a radiopaque X-ray dye. Thin sheet of cellulose material coated with a light-sensitive substance that is used in taking photographs. There is a special photographic film that is sensitive to X-rays. Badge containing film that is sensitive to X-rays. This is worn by all personnel in radiology to measure the amount of Xrays to which they are exposed. Positioning of the patient so that the side of the body faces the X-ray machine. Positioning of the patient so that the Xrays pass through the body on an angle. Positioning of the patient so that the Xrays pass through the body from the posterior side to the anterior side. Making of X-ray pictures. Radioactive form of an element. Physician who uses images to diagnose abnormalities and radiant energy to treat various conditions such as cancer. Structures that allow X-rays to pass through; expose the photographic plate and appear as black areas on the X-ray. Structures that are impenetrable to Xrays, appearing as a light area on the radiograph (X-ray). ©2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. Fremgen and Frucht, Lesson Plans for Medical Terminology, A Living Language, 5/e roentgen roentgen/o = X-ray scan shield tagging uptake X-ray Rehabilitation Services Terms Term Word Parts activities of daily living (ADL) adaptive equipment body mechanics -ic = pertaining to ergonomics erg/o = work Unit for describing an exposure dose of radiation. Recording on a photographic plate the emission of radioactive waves after a substance has been injected into the body (see Figure 14.6). Protective device used to protect against radiation. Attaching a radioactive material to a chemical, and tracing it as it moves through the body. Absorption of radioactive material and medicines into an organ or tissue. High-energy wave that can penetrate most solid matter and present the image on photographic film. Definition The activities usually performed in the course of a normal day, such as eating, dressing, and washing. See Figure 14.11. Modification of equipment or devices to improve the function and independence of a person with a disability. See Figure 14.12. Use of good posture and position while performing activities of daily living to prevent injury and stress on body parts. Study of human work including how ©2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. Fremgen and Frucht, Lesson Plans for Medical Terminology, A Living Language, 5/e -nomics = pertaining to laws fine motor skills gait (GAYT) gross motor skills lower extremity (LE) mobility orthotics orth/o = straight -tic = pertaining to physical medicine physic/o = body -al = pertaining to prosthetics prosthet/o = addition -ic = pertaining to range of motion (ROM) rehabilitation re- = again habilitat/o = ability the requirements for performing work and the work environment affect the musculoskeletal and nervous systems. Use of precise and coordinated movements in such activities as writing, buttoning, and cutting. Manner of walking. Use of large muscle groups that coordinate body movements such as walking, running, jumping, and balance. Refers to one of the legs. State of having normal movement of all body parts. Use of equipment, such as splints and braces, to support a paralyzed muscle, promote a specific motion, or correct musculoskeletal deformities. Branch of medicine focused on restoring function. Primarily cares for patients with musculoskeletal and nervous system disorders. Physician is a physiatrist. Artificial devices, such as limbs and joints, that replace a missing body part. Range of movement of a joint, from maximum flexion through maximum extension. It is measured as degrees of a circle. Process of treatment and exercise that can help a person with a disability attain maximum function and well- ©2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. Fremgen and Frucht, Lesson Plans for Medical Terminology, A Living Language, 5/e being. Refers to one of the arms. upper extremity (UE) Surgery Terms Term analgesic anesthetic Word Parts an- = without alges/o = pain -ic = pertaining to an- = without esthesi/o = sensation, feeling -ic = pertaining to circulating nurse cry/o = cold day surgery dissection Medication to produce partial to complete loss of sensation. Using heat, cold, electricity, or chemicals to scar, burn, or cut tissues. Nurse who assists the surgeon and scrub nurse by providing needed materials during the procedure and by handling the surgical specimen. This person does not wear sterile clothing and may enter and leave the operating room during the procedure. cauterization cryosurgery Definition Medication to relieve pain. dis- = apart sect/o = to cut Technique of exposing tissues to extreme cold to produce cell injury and destruction. Used in the treatment of malignant tumors or to control pain and bleeding. Type of outpatient surgery in which the patient is discharged on the same day he or she is admitted; also called ambulatory surgery. Surgical cutting of parts for separation and study. ©2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. Fremgen and Frucht, Lesson Plans for Medical Terminology, A Living Language, 5/e draping electrocautery electr/o = electricity endoscopic surgery endo- = within -scopic = pertaining to visually examining hem/o = blood -stasis = standing still intra- = within hemostasis intraoperative laser surgery perioperative peri- = around postoperative (post-op) preoperative (preop, pre-op) resection pre- = before scrub nurse suture material re- = again sect/o = to cut Process of covering the patient with sterile cloths that allow only the operative site to be exposed to the surgeon. Use of an electric current to stop bleeding by coagulating blood vessels. Use of a lighted instrument to examine the interior of a cavity. Stopping the flow of blood using instruments, pressure, and/or medication. Period of time during surgery. Use of a controlled beam of light for cutting, hemostasis, or tissue destruction. Period of time that includes before, during, and after a surgical procedure. Period of time immediately following the surgery. Period of time preceding surgery. To surgically cut out or remove; excision. Surgical assistant who hands instruments to the surgeon. This person wears sterile clothing and maintains a sterile operative field. Used to close a wound or incision. Examples are catgut, silk thread, or staples. They may or may not be removed when the wound heals, depending on the type of material that is used. Oncology Terms ©2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. Fremgen and Frucht, Lesson Plans for Medical Terminology, A Living Language, 5/e Term carcinogen Word Parts carcin/o = cancer -gen = that which produces carcinoma in situ (CIS) encapsulated carcin/o = cancer -oma = tumor en- = inward capsul/o = to box hyperplasia hyper- = excessive -plasia = growth in- = within invasive disease metastasis (mets) morbidity morbid/o = ill mortality mort/o = death mutation mutat/o = to change neo- = new -plasm = growth onc/o = tumor -genic = producing neoplasm oncogenic primary site relapse re- = again laps/o = to slide back Definition Substance or chemical agent that produces or increases the risk of developing cancer. For example, cigarette smoke and insecticides are considered to be carcinogens. Malignant tumor whose cells have not spread beyond the original site. Growth enclosed in a sheath of tissue that prevents tumor cells from invading surrounding tissue. Excessive development of normal cells within an organ. Tendency of a malignant tumor to spread to immediately surrounding tissue and organs. Movement and spread of cancer cells from one part of the body to another. Metastases is plural. See Figure 14.19. Number representing the sick persons in a particular population. Number representing the deaths in a particular population. Change or transformation from the original. New and abnormal growth or tumor. These can be benign or malignant. Cancer causing. Term used to designate where a malignant tumor first appeared. Return of disease symptoms after a period of improvement. ©2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. Fremgen and Frucht, Lesson Plans for Medical Terminology, A Living Language, 5/e remission 10 mins re- = again miss/o = to send back Period during which the symptoms of a disease or disorder leave. Can be temporary. Identify and define selected pathology terms relating to the topics. Text Pages: 500503 PowerPoint Slides: 6987 LO 10 Mental Health Pathology Term Word Parts Anxiety disorders anxi/o = fear, worry • panic attacks -ic = pertaining to • anxiety anxi/o = fear, worry • phobias phob/o = irrational fear -ia = state, condition obsess/o = besieged by thoughts compuls/o = drive, compel • obsessivecompulsi ve disorder (OCD) Cognitive disorders • dementia • Alzheimer’s disease Disorders diag- de- = without ment/o = mind -ia = state, condition Definition Characterized by persistent worry and apprehension. Feeling of intense apprehension, terror, or sense of impending danger Feeling of dread in the absence of a clearly identifiable stress trigger Irrational fear, such as arachnophobia, or fear of spiders Performing repetitive rituals to reduce anxiety Teaching Resources Image library Pop Questions: Use Classroom Response System questions as either pretest or posttest quiz to gauge student comprehension during lecture. Classroom Activities Write sentences on the board using common words. Have students substitute correct medical terms. Jeopardy Game: Have students create questions for terms in this section for Jeopardy game to be played in class—may be combined with Vocabulary, Diagnostic, and Therapeutic terms. Deterioration of mental functions due to temporary brain or permanent brain dysfunction. Progressive confusion and disorientation Worksheets 14B – Unscramble 14D – Word Search Puzzle 14E – Crossword Puzzle 14F – Chapter Review Degenerative brain disorder with gradual loss of cognitive abilities Mental disorders associated with Independent Study Homework Assignment: Have students select specific pathology and ©2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. Fremgen and Frucht, Lesson Plans for Medical Terminology, A Living Language, 5/e nosed in infancy and childhood • mental retardation • attentiondeficit/hyperactivi ty disorder (ADHD) • autism Dissociative disorders • amnesia childhood, including: ment/o = mind -al = pertaining to Subaverage intellectual functioning hyper- = excessive Inattention and impulsive behavior auto- = self -ism = state of Condition involving deficits in social interaction, communication skills, and restricted patterns of behavior Disorders in which severe emotional conflict is so repressed that a split in the personality may occur or the person may lose memory Loss of memory dis- = apart soci/o = society amnes/o = forgetfulness -ia = state, condition Having two or more distinct personalities dissociative identity disorder Eating disorders • anorexia nervosa • bulimia Factitious disorders an- = without -orexia = appetite -ia = state, conditioin factiti/o = artificial, contrived -ous = pertaining to Abnormal behaviors related to eating, including: Refusal to eat (see Figure 14.5) Binge eating and intentional vomiting Intentionally feigning illness symptoms in order to gain attention ©2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. Fremgen and Frucht, Lesson Plans for Medical Terminology, A Living Language, 5/e use Internet resources to research its symptoms, diagnosis, and treatments. Text Practice Exercises: F. Terminology Matching Medical Terminology Interactive: Learning module Review games Chapter practice exam Companion Website: Practice quizzes Case study Web destinations Competency Assessments Quiz 14D – Chapter Review Test Bank: True/False questions Multiple-Choice questions Matching questions • malingering Impulse control disorders • kleptomania • pyromania • explosive disorder • pathological gambling klept/o = to steal -mania = frenzy pyr/o = fire -mania = frenzy ex- = outward path/o = disease -logical = pertaining to the study of Mood disorders • major depression depress/o = to press down • mania • bipolar disorder (BPD) -mania = frenzy bi- = two -ar = pertaining to Setting fires Violent rages Inability to stop gambling Characterized by instability in mood, including: Feelings of hopelessness, helplessness, worthlessness, lack of pleasure in any activity with suicide potential Extreme elation Alternation between periods of deep depression and mania Inflexible or maladaptive behavior patterns that affect person’s ability to function in society, including: Exaggerated feelings of persecution Personality disorders • paranoid personality disorder • narcissistic personality disorder • antisocial personality disor- Pretending to be ill or injured Inability to resist an impulse to perform some act that is harmful to the individual or others, including: Stealing Abnormal sense of self-importance anti- = against soci/o = society Behaviors that are against legal or social norms ©2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. Fremgen and Frucht, Lesson Plans for Medical Terminology, A Living Language, 5/e der • passive aggressive personality Schizophrenia -al = pertaining to Indirect expression of hostility or anger schiz/o = split Mental disorders characterized by disphren/o = mind tortions of reality, such as: -ia = state, condition deluss/o = false belief A false belief held even in the face of • delusions contrary evidence Perceiving something that is not there • hallucinations hallucin/o = imagined perception Disorders include aberrant sexual acSexual disorders tivity and sexual dysfunction, including: ped/o = child Sexual interest in children • pedophilia -philia = attracted to -ism = state of Gratification derived from being hurt • masochism or abused -ism = state of Gratification derived from observing • voyeurism others engaged in sexual acts Disorders relating to sleeping, includSleeping disorders ing: -in = not Inability to sleep • insomnia somn/o = sleep -ia = state, condition Getting up and walking around una• sleepwalking ware while sleeping somat/o = body Patient has physical symptoms for Somatoform diswhich no physical disease can be deorder termined, including: A preoccupation with health concerns. • hypochondria hypo- = below chondr/o = cartilage Named for the location of the liver and ©2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. Fremgen and Frucht, Lesson Plans for Medical Terminology, A Living Language, 5/e -ia = state, condition • conversion reaction Substance-related disorders 10 mins spleen, below the rib cartilage. The ancient Greeks thought these organs controlled mood. Anxiety is transformed into physical symptoms such as heart palpitations, paralysis, or blindness Overindulgence or dependence on chemical substances including alcohol, illegal drugs, and prescription drugs Identify and define selected diagnostic procedures relating to the topics. Text Pages: 508511; 529 PowerPoint Slides: 107119; 207 LO 11 Diagnostic Imaging Procedures Term Word Parts tom/o = to cut computed -graphy = process of tomography scan (CT scan) recording contrast studies Doppler ultra- = beyond Definition An imaging technique that is able to produce a cross-sectional view of the body. X-ray pictures are taken at multiple angles through the body. A computer then uses all these images to construct a composite cross-section. Refer back to Figure 12.9 in Chapter 12 for an example of a computed tomography scan showing a brain tumor. Radiopaque substance is injected or swallowed. X-rays are then taken that will outline the body structure containing the radiopaque substance; for example, angiograms and myelograms (see Figure 14.7). Use of ultrasound to record the velocity ©2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. Fremgen and Frucht, Lesson Plans for Medical Terminology, A Living Language, 5/e Teaching Resources Image library [Insert icon] Visual Learners: Have students view the MRI, Ultrasound, and PET Scan videos found in the PowerPoint presentation. Pop Questions: Use Classroom Response System questions as either pretest or posttest quiz to gauge student comprehension during lecture. Classroom Activities Write sentences on the board using common words. Have students substitute correct medical terms. Jeopardy Game: Have students create questions for terms in this section for Jeopardy game to be played in class—may be combined with Vocabulary, Pathology, and Therapeutic terms. of blood flowing through blood vessels. Used to detect blood clots and blood vessel obstructions. X-rays strike a fluorescing screen rather fluoroscopy than a photographic plate, causing it to glow. The glowing screen changes from minute to minute, therefore movement, such as the heart beating or the digestive tract moving, can be seen. -ic = pertaining to Use of electromagnetic energy to promagnetic duce an image of soft tissues in any resonance imaging (MRI) plane of the body. Atoms behave differently when placed in a strong magnetic field. When the body is exposed to this magnetic field the nuclei of the body’s atoms emit radio-frequency signals that can be used to create an image (see Figure 14.8). nucle/o = nucleus Use of radioactive substances to diagnuclear medicine -ar = pertaining to nose diseases. A radioactive substance known to accumulate in certain body tissues is injected or inhaled. After waiting for the substance to travel to the body area of interest, the radioactivity level is recorded. Commonly referred to as a scan (see Figure 14.6). See Table 14.4 for examples of the radioactive substances used in nuclear medicine. Image is produced following the injecpositron emission tom/o = to cut tomography (PET) -graphy = process of tion of radioactive glucose. The glucose recording will accumulate in areas of high metabolic activity. Therefore, this process ultrasonography son/o = sound -graphy = process of recording fluor/o = luminous -scopy = process of visually examining ©2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. Fremgen and Frucht, Lesson Plans for Medical Terminology, A Living Language, 5/e Worksheets 14B – Unscramble 14D – Word Search Puzzle 14E – Crossword Puzzle 14F – Chapter Review Independent Study Text Practice Exercises: Chart Note Transcription Case Study I. Terminology Matching N. Terminology Matching Medical Terminology Interactive: Learning module Review games Chapter practice exam Companion Website: Practice quizzes Competency Assessments Quiz 14D – Chapter Review Test Bank: True/False questions Multiple-Choice questions Matching questions Short-Answer question radiology radi/o = X-ray -logy = study of ultrasound (US) ultra- = beyond will highlight areas that are consuming a large quantity of glucose. This may show an active area of the brain or a tumor (see Figure 14.9). Use of high-energy radiation, X-rays, to expose a photographic plate. The image is a black-and-white picture with radiopaque structures such as bone appearing white and radiolucent tissue such as muscles appearing dark. Use of high-frequency sound waves to produce an image. Sound waves directed into the body from a transducer will bounce off internal structures and echo back to the transducer. The speed of the echo is dependent on the density of the tissue. A computer is able to correlate speed of echo with density and produce an image. Used to visualize internal organs, heart valves, and fetuses. See Figure 14.10. Oncology Diagnostic Procedures Term Word Parts bi/o = life biopsy (bx) -opsy = to view cytologic testing exploratory surgery Definition Excision of a small piece of tissue for microscopic examination to assist in determining a diagnosis. cyt/o = cell Examination of cells to determine their -logic = pertaining to structure and origin. Pap smears are studying considered a form of cytologic testing. Surgery performed for the purpose of determining if cancer is present or if a ©2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. Fremgen and Frucht, Lesson Plans for Medical Terminology, A Living Language, 5/e staging laparotomy 15 mins LO 12 lapar/o = abdomen -otomy = to cut into known cancer has spread. Biopsies are generally performed. Surgical procedure in which the abdomen is entered to determine the extent and staging of a tumor. Identify and define selected therapeutic procedures relating to the topics. Text Pages: 504505; 516518; 529 PowerPoint Slides: 8890; 144151; 208209 Mental Health Therapeutic Procedures Term Word Parts Electroconvulsive electr/o = electricity therapy (ECT) Psychopharmacology psych/o = mind pharmac/o = drug -logy = study of Definition Procedure occasionally used for cases of prolonged major depression. This controversial treatment involves placement of an electrode on one or both sides of the patient’s head and a current is turned on briefly causing a convulsive seizure. A low level of voltage is used in modern electroconvulsive therapy, and the patient is administered a muscle relaxant and anesthesia. Advocates of this treatment state that it is a more effective way to treat severe depression than using drugs. It is not effective with disorders other than depression, such as schizophrenia and alcoholism. Study of the effects of drugs on the mind and particularly the use of drugs in treating mental disorders. The main classes of drugs for the treatment of mental dis- ©2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. Fremgen and Frucht, Lesson Plans for Medical Terminology, A Living Language, 5/e Teaching Resources Image library Pop Questions: Use Classroom Response System questions as either pretest or posttest quiz to gauge student comprehension during lecture. Classroom Activities Write sentences on the board using common words. Have students substitute correct medical terms. Jeopardy Game: Have students create questions for terms in this section for Jeopardy game to be played in class—may be combined with Vocabulary, Pathology, and Diagnostic terms. Worksheets 14B – Unscramble 14D – Word Search Puzzle 14E – Crossword Puzzle 14F – Chapter Review Independent Study • antipsychotic drugs anti- = against psych/o = mind -tic = pertaining to • antidepressant drugs anti- = against depress/o = to press down • minor tranquilizers • lithium Psychotherapy psych/o = mind -therapy = treatment orders are: Major tranquilizers include chlorpromazine (Thorazine™), haloperidol (Haldol™), clozapine (Clozaril™), and risperidone. These drugs have transformed the treatment of patients with psychoses and schizophrenia by reducing patient agitation and panic and shortening schizophrenic episodes. One of the side effects of these drugs is involuntary muscle movements, which approximately one-fourth of all adults who take the drugs develop. Classified as stimulants and alter the patient’s mood by affecting levels of neurotransmitters in the brain. Antidepressants, such as serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, are nonaddictive but they can produce unpleasant side effects such as dry mouth, weight gain, blurred vision, and nausea. Include ValiumTM and XanaxTM. These are also classified as central nervous system depressants and are prescribed for anxiety. Special category of drug used successfully to calm patients who suffer from bipolar disorder (depression alternating with manic excitement). A method of treating mental disorders by mental rather than chemical or physical means, including: ©2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. Fremgen and Frucht, Lesson Plans for Medical Terminology, A Living Language, 5/e Text Practice Exercises: Chart Note Transcription Case Study G. Name the Treatment K. Name the Procedure Described N. Terminology Matching Medical Terminology Interactive: Learning module Review games Chapter practice exam Companion Website: Practice quizzes Competency Assessments Quiz 14D – Chapter Review Test Bank: Fill-in-the-Blank questions True/False questions Multiple-Choice questions Matching questions • psychoanalysis psych/o = mind • humanistic psychotherapy -tic = pertaining to psych/o = mind -therapy = treatment • family and group psychotherapy psych/o = mind -therapy = treatment Method of obtaining a detailed account of the past and present emotional and mental experiences from the patient to determine the source of the problem and eliminate the effects. It is a system developed by Sigmund Freud that encourages the patient to discuss repressed, painful, or hidden experiences with the hope of eliminating or minimizing the problem. Therapist does not delve into the patient’s past when using these methods. Instead, it is believed that patient can learn how to use his or her own internal resources to deal with problems. The therapist creates a therapeutic atmosphere, which builds patient self-esteem and encourages discussion of problems, thereby gaining insight in how to handle them. Also called client-centered or nondirective psychotherapy. Often described as solution focused, the therapist places minimal emphasis on patient past history and strong emphasis on having patient state and discuss goals and then find a way to achieve them. Rehabilitation Services Therapeutic Procedures Term Word Parts Definition Exercises that a patient performs without active exercises assistance. Range of motion for joints that a patient is active range of ©2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. Fremgen and Frucht, Lesson Plans for Medical Terminology, A Living Language, 5/e motion (AROM) active-resistive exercises cryotherapy cry/o = cold -therapy = treatment able to perform without assistance from someone else. Exercises in which the patient works against resistance applied to a muscle, such as a weight. Used to increase strength. Using cold for therapeutic purposes. Removal of dead or damaged tissue from a wound. Commonly performed for burn therapy. electromyography electr/o = electricity The recording of a muscle’s response to (EMG) my/o = muscle electrical stimulation. The graphic record -graphy = process produced is an electromyogram. of recording Assisting a patient to learn to walk again gait training or how to use an assistive device to walk (see Figure 14.13). hydr/o = water Application of warm water as a therapeutic hydrotherapy -therapy = treatment. Can be done in baths, swimtreatment ming pools, and whirlpools. Kneading or applying pressure by hands to massage a part of the patient’s body to promote muscle relaxation and reduce tension. Treatments such as exercise and massage mobilization to restore movement to joints and soft tissue. Applying moist warmth to a body part to moist hot packs produce the slight dilation of blood vessels in the skin. Causes muscle relaxation in the deeper regions of the body and increasdebridement ©2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. Fremgen and Frucht, Lesson Plans for Medical Terminology, A Living Language, 5/e nerve conduction velocity pain control passive range of motion (PROM) phonophoresis postural drainage with clapping therapeutic exercise thermotherapy traction es circulation, which aids healing. Test to determine if nerves have been damaged by recording the rate at which an electrical impulse travels along a nerve. If the nerve is damaged, the velocity will be decreased. Managing pain through a variety of means, including medications, biofeedback, and mechanical devices. Therapist putting a patient’s joints through available range of motion without assistance from the patient. phon/o = sound Use of ultrasound waves to introduce med-phoresis = carrying ication across the skin and into the subcutaneous tissues. -al = pertaining to Draining secretions from the bronchi or a lung cavity by having the patient lie so that gravity allows drainage to occur. Clapping is using the hand in a cupped position to perform percussion on the chest. Assists in loosening secretions and mucus. -ic = pertaining to Exercise planned and carried out to achieve a specific physical benefit, such as improved range of motion, muscle strength, or cardiovascular function. therm/o = heat Applying heat to the body for therapeutic -therapy = purposes. treatment Process of pulling or drawing, usually with a mechanical device. Used in treating orthopedic (bone and joint) problems and injuries. ©2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. Fremgen and Frucht, Lesson Plans for Medical Terminology, A Living Language, 5/e transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) ultrasound (US) whirlpool trans- = across Application of an electric current to a pecutane/o = skin ripheral nerve to relieve pain. -ous = pertaining to electr/o = electricity -al = pertaining to ultra- = beyond Use of high-frequency sound waves to create heat in soft tissues under the skin. It is particularly useful for treating injuries to muscles, tendons, and ligaments, as well as muscle spasms (see Figure 14.14). Bath in which there are continuous jets of hot water reaching the body surfaces. Oncology Therapeutic Procedures Term Word Parts chem/o = drug chemotherapy (chemo) -therapy = treatment hormone therapy immunotherapy immun/o = protection -therapy = treatment palliative therapy radiation therapy radi/o = X-rays radical surgery radic/o = root -al = pertaining to Definition Treating disease by using chemicals that have a toxic effect on the body, especially cancerous tissue. Treatment of cancer with natural hormones or with chemicals that produce hormonelike effects. Strengthening the immune system to attack cancerous cells. Treatment designed to reduce the intensity of painful symptoms, but does not produce a cure. Exposing tumors and surrounding tissues to X-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, protons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Extensive surgery to remove as much tissue associated with a tumor as possi- ©2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. Fremgen and Frucht, Lesson Plans for Medical Terminology, A Living Language, 5/e radioactive implant 15 mins LO 13 radi/o = rays ble. Embedding a radioactive source directly into tissue to provide a highly localized radiation dosage to damage nearby cancerous cells. Also called brachytherapy. Define selected abbreviations associated with the topics. Text Pages: 498; 505; 511512; 518; 524; 530 PowerPoint Slides: 4656; 9192; 120124; 152153; 185186; 210211 Pharmacology Abbreviations @ at ā before ac before meals ad lib as desired ante before APAP acetaminophen (Tylenol™) aq aqueous (water) ASA aspirin bid twice a day with cap(s) capsule(s) d day d/c, DISC discontinue DC, disc discontinue DEA Drug Enforcement Agency dil dilute disp dispense dtd give of such a dose Dx diagnosis ©2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. Fremgen and Frucht, Lesson Plans for Medical Terminology, A Living Language, 5/e Teaching Tips Remind students that many abbreviations have multiple meanings, such as od, which can mean overdose (od) or right eye (OD), depending on whether the letters are lowercase or uppercase. Care must be taken when reading abbreviations since some may be written too quickly, making them difficult to decipher. Never create your own abbreviations. Emphasize importance of learning abbreviations and their full meanings; point out how some abbreviations, such as ad lib, STAT, bid, and NPO, are typically used rather than full terms. Encourage students to add abbreviations to their flash cards. Teaching Resources Pop Questions: Use Classroom Response System questions as either pretest or posttest quiz to gauge stu- et FDA gm gr gt gtt hs ID IM inj IU IV kg L mcg mEq mg mL no sub noc non rep NPO NS od oint OTC oz and Federal Drug Administration gram grain drop drops at bedtime one intradermal two three intramuscular injection international unit intravenous kilogram liter microgram milliequivalent milligram milliliter no substitute night do not repeat nothing by mouth normal saline overdose ointment over the counter ounce after ©2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. Fremgen and Frucht, Lesson Plans for Medical Terminology, A Living Language, 5/e dent comprehension during lecture. Classroom Activities Write sentences on the board using medical terms; have students substitute correct abbreviations for the terms. Concentration: Have students assist in creating a concentration game for abbreviations to play in class. Worksheets 14F – Chapter Review Independent Study Text Practice Exercises: D. What Does It Stand For? J. What Does It Stand For? M. What Does It Stand For? Medical Terminology Interactive: Learning module Review games Chapter practice exam Companion Website: Practice quizzes Competency Assessments Quiz 14C – Abbreviations Quiz Quiz 14D – Chapter Review Test Bank: True/False questions Multiple-Choice questions pc PCA PDR per po prn pt q qam qh qhs qid qs Rx SC Sig sl sol stat Subc, SubQ suppos, supp susp syr T, tbsp t, tsp tab tid TO top u after meals patient-controlled administration Physician’s Desk Reference with by mouth as needed patient every every morning every hour at bedtime four times a day quantity sufficient take without subcutaneous label as follows/directions under the tongue solution one-half at once/immediately subcutaneous suppository suspension syrup tablespoon teaspoon tablet three times a day telephone order apply topically unit ©2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. Fremgen and Frucht, Lesson Plans for Medical Terminology, A Living Language, 5/e Matching questions VO wt x verbal order weight times Mental Health Abbreviations AD Alzheimer’s disease ADD attention-deficit disorder ADHD attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder BPD bipolar disorder CA chronological age DSM Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ECT electroconvulsive therapy MA mental age MAO monoamine oxidase MMPI Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory OCD obsessive–compulsive disorder SAD seasonal affective disorder Diagnostic Imaging Abbreviations 67Ga radioactive gallium 99mTc radioactive technetium 131I radioactive iodine 201TI radioactive thallium 133Xe radioactive xenon Angio angiography AP anteroposterior Ba barium BaE barium enema CAT computerized axial tomography Ci curie CT computerized tomography CXR chest X-ray ©2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. Fremgen and Frucht, Lesson Plans for Medical Terminology, A Living Language, 5/e decub DI DSA ERCP Fx GB IVC IVP KUB LAT LGI LL mA mCi MRA MRI NMR PA PET PTC R Ra rad RL RRT UGI US lying down diagnostic imaging digital subtraction angiography endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography fracture gallbladder X-ray intravenous cholangiogram intravenous pyelogram kidneys, ureters, bladder lateral lower gastrointestinal series left lateral milliampere millicurie magnetic resonance angiography magnetic resonance imaging nuclear magnetic resonance posteroanterior positron emission tomography percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography roentgen radium radiation-absorbed dose right lateral registered radiologic technologist upper gastrointestinal series ultrasound Rehabilitation Services Abbreviations AAROM active assistive range of motion ADL activities of daily living AROM active range of motion ©2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. Fremgen and Frucht, Lesson Plans for Medical Terminology, A Living Language, 5/e EMG e-stim LE OT PROM PT ROM TENS UE US electromyogram electrical stimulation lower extremity occupational therapy passive range of motion physical therapy range of motion transcutaneous electrical stimulation upper extremity ultrasound Surgery Abbreviations D&C dilation and curettage Endo endoscopy EUA exam under anesthesia GA general anesthesia I&D incision and drainage MUA manipulation under anesthesia OR operating room PARR postanesthetic recovery room preop, pre-op preoperative prep preparation, prepared T&A tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy TAH total abdominal hysterectomy TURP transurethral resection of prostate Oncology Abbreviations bx biopsy Ca cancer chemo chemotherapy CIS carcinoma in situ 5-FU 5-fluorouracil ©2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. Fremgen and Frucht, Lesson Plans for Medical Terminology, A Living Language, 5/e GA mets MTX prot st TNM gallium metastases methotrexate protocol stage tumor, nodes, metastases ©2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. Fremgen and Frucht, Lesson Plans for Medical Terminology, A Living Language, 5/e ©2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. Fremgen and Frucht, Lesson Plans for Medical Terminology, A Living Language, 5/e