Download CMarZ will produce accurate and complete information on species

Ann Bucklin
Department of Marine Sciences
Marine Sciences and Technology Center
University of Connecticut
SUN Song
Institute of Oceanology
Chinese Academy of Sciences
CMarZ is addressing the overarching question:
“what are the patterns of zooplankton biodiversity throughout
the world ocean, and how are they generated and
maintained”?
CMarZ will produce accurate and complete information on
species diversity, biomass, biogeography, and genetic
diversity by 2010, focusing on the ~7,000 described species
of animals that drift with ocean currents throughout their
lives (i.e., the holozooplankton).
CMarZ will determine DNA barcodes (i.e., short DNA sequences
for species recognition and discovery) for identified
specimens for all known species.
Global Scope of Project
CMarZ launched sampling efforts during 2004 – 2007 through leveraged funding
for Cooperating Projects.
28 Cooperating Projects have been carried out from ships of opportunity and
dedicated cruises for comprehensive pelagic biodiversity assessments.
CMarZ has made rapid progress in a global survey of zooplankton biodiversity.
ongoing
proposed
Please include a map
2007 Scientific Results
Species Discovery in Southeast Asia
Shuhei Nishida (Ocean Research Institute, Univ. of Tokyo, Japan)
Field studies focus on coastal waters of SE Asia,
Sulu Sea, and Celebes Sea.
Taxonomic analysis is carried out in a
collaboration among Japan, Thailand, Malaysia,
Indonesia, Philippines, and Vietnam.
Training workshops build taxonomic capacity in
each country. Funding is from the Japan Society
for the Promotion of Science (JSPS).
Zoogeography of Tortanus
Crustacea: Copepoda
Discoveries to date include 3 new genera and 28
new species of mysids and copepods.
2007 Scientific Results
Inner-Space Speciation Project –
Species Diversity in the Sea of Celebes
Larry Madin, Woods Hole Oceanographic Inst., USA
Regions of Exploration
2007 Scientific Results
Coastal Ecosystem Assessment in Africa
Hans M. Verheye, Marine & Coastal Management, South Africa
NML
Benguela Current ecosystem
is one of 4 major Eastern
Boundary Current systems;
highly complex and variable
coastal ecosystem
Environmental monitoring , zooplankton, and
pelagic fish stock assessment surveys in
South Africa.
PPEML
WBEML
OrangeRiver
River Mouth
Mouth
Orange
30°
Hondeklip Bay
Hondeklip
Bay
FRS Africana
Doring
Doring Bay
Bay
32°
CapeColumbine
Columbine
Cape
CapeTown
Town
Cape
34°
SHBML
SARP
36°
16°
29°
BENEFIT Programme:
BENguela Environment
Fisheries Interaction &
Training: Dedicated
environmental monitoring
along 5 transects in
fisheries key areas along
the west coasts of Angola,
Namibia and South Africa,
Annual Recruit
Biomass Surveys
(May/June)
18°
20°
22°
24°
26°
28°
November 2002
Spawner Biomass Survey
AFR171
Annual Spawner
Biomass Surveys
(November)
30°
Hondeklip Bay
31°
Doring Bay
32°
Lambert's Bay
Columbine
33°
Port Alfred
Cape Town
34°
Port Elizabeth
Mossel Bay
Agulhas
35°
36°
37°
38°
16°
17°
18°
19°
20°
21°
22°
23°
24°
25°
26°
27°
28°
2007 Scientific Results
Surveys in the Indian Ocean
Vijayalakshmi Nair, National Institute of Oceanography, Kochi, India
Assessment and evaluation of environmental
parameters and primary and secondary productivity
Stratified zooplankton sampling (0(0-1000m)
from 114 stations from Indian EEZ, 200320032007, MRMR-LR, Project of DOD, NIO
Zooplankton species of Indian Ocean
Calanoid copepods
476 (2 new species)
Chaetognaths
31 (2 new species)
Medusae
131 (2 new species)
Ostracods
32
Euphausiids
51
Pteropods
25
Mysids
102 (34 new species including 4 new genera)
Penaeid and Cariid larvae (Decapods)
38
Hyperiidae (Amphipods)
164
Fish larvae
60
Total
1110 (40 new species)
Under-sampled areas:
•
Western side of Indonesia – significant for IndoPacific community.
•
Deep water collections (south of Equator) :
Surfacing of meso- and bathypelagic species.
2007 Scientific Results
Sargasso Sea DNA Barcode Cluster Analysis
Ann Bucklin, University of Connecticut, USA
In April 2006, >500
species were collected
from the Sargasso Sea;
DNA barcodes for >350
species were clustered
to show major groups
found.
Charleston, SC
San Juan, PR
2007 Scientific Results
CMarZ in China: Coastal to Inter-Ocean Exploration
SUN Song, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
Species(south China Sea)
30
species
25
20
15
10
5
0
29.30°N
27.99°N
26.71°N
25.56°N
24.33°N
23.51°N
latitude
Species
30
25
species
20
15
10
5
0
22.58°N
22.21°N
21.60°N
20.31°N
latitude
30
species
25
20
15
10
5
0
11.69°S
20.39°S
22.26°S
latitude
Yellow Sea &
East China Sea
Sample Collection
A Transoceanic Cruise
11 Cruises Along Chinese
Nearshore Area
South China Sea
384 Samples Collected
Zooplankton Diversity
Phylum
Taxon (Class or
Order)
Species
Described
Foraminifera
Actinopoda
Foraminifera
Acantharea
Polycystinea (Radiolaria)
49
150
350
Cercozoa
Ciliophora
Phaeodarea (Radiolaria)
Aloricate Ciliata
Tintinnida
Hydromedusae
Siphonophora
Cubomedusae
Scyphomedusae
Ctenophora
Rotifera
Platyhelminthes
Nectonema
Nemertinea
Polychaeta
Gastropoda
Cephalopoda
Cladocera
Ostracoda
350
150
300
842
160
18
161
90
50?
3?
5
99
110
144
370
8
169
Isopoda
Copepoda
Mysidacea
Amphipoda
Euphausiacea
Decapoda
Insecta
Chaetognatha
Appendicularia
Pyrosoma
Doliolida
Salpidae
20
2000
700
400
86
50
5
93
64
8
17
45
Cnidaria
Ctenophora
Rotifera
Platyhelminthes
Nematomorpha
Nemertea
Annelida
Mollusca
Arthropoda
Chaetognatha
Chordata
TOTALS
TOTALS (Excl. Protozoa)
7,013
5,664
Barcod No. Species
e Gene (GenBank)
18S rRNA
18S rRNA
35
14
18S rRNA
18S rRNA
27
3
18S RNA
COI
COI
52
5
16
0
10
20
COI
ITS
??
COI
18S?
COI
COI
COI
COI
COI
COI
COI
COI
COI
COI
COI
COI
COI
COI, COII
COI
18S rRNA
COI
COI
1
1
5
100
86
0
0
41
4
15
45
75
10
1
1
1
0
568
437
No.
Species
Source of Information
200 C. deVargas
GenBank
GenBank
GenBank
B. Costas
25 GenBank
80 GenBank, S. Haddock, B. Ortman
GenBank
15 GenBank, B. Ortman, others
12 GenBank, B. Ortman
20 GenBank, M. Liviatis
3
4
30
5
GenBank, R. Jennings
GenBank, R. Jennings
GenBank, R. Jennings
GenBank, R. Jennings
35 A. Bucklin
14 S. Brix
275 A. Bucklin, R. Machida, others
GenBank
50 GenBank
10 A. Bucklin, S. Jarman
100 GenBank, K. Crandall
5 R. Jennings
30 A. Pierrot-Bults, R. Machida, R. Jennings
10 L. Madin, A. Bucklin, GenBank
GenBank, Wada
GenBank, Wada
5 L. Madin, A. Bucklin
928
728
Steps Toward Pelagic Synthesis
Barcoding Zooplankton
 DNA barcodes aid in species identification of
zooplankton, because the organisms are
frequently rare, fragile, and/or small.
 Morphological identification is difficult and
mistakes are likely due to simple or
evolutionarily-conserved body plans.
 Many taxa have circumglobal or disjunct
geographic distributions; barcodes can reveal
taxonomically-significant geographic variation
and cryptic species.
 DNA barcode libraries will lead to rapid
molecularly-based analysis of samples for
known species.
Steps Toward Pelagic Synthesis
Barcoding by Region: Arctic Ocean
R.R. Hopcroft (Univ. of Alaska), A. Bucklin (Univ. Conn), et al.
 ArcOD (Arctic Ocean Diversity)
sends identified specimens of
Arctic zooplankton for
barcoding by CMarZ.
 DNA database now includes
~100 species of the Central
Arctic assemblage.
 Goal is DNA barcoding of ~400
Arctic zooplankton species,
including ~150 hydromedusae
and ~150 copepods.
Visualization & Communication
The CMarZ logo is our icon and conveys our project goal
of a global-scale, taxonomically-comprehensive
biodiversity survey for holozooplankton.
Visualization & Communication
The CMarZ banner is another icon – conveying
the living beauty and diversity of zooplankton.
CMarZ Science Impact
• Integrated morphological and molecular
systematic analysis: CMarZ cruises include
both expert taxonomists and geneticists, who
work together toward accurate descriptions of
zooplankton species diversity.
• Global surveys: CMarZ Steering Group
members are working together to achieve
global sampling from ships of opportunity and
dedicated cruises.
• Biodiversity of the deep sea: CMarZ is
providing new views of zooplankton species
biodiversity in the very deepest part of the
world oceans – and discovering new species
in many taxonomic groups.
Impact of Approach & Methodology
• DNA barcoding: CMarZ is sequencing a
selected barcode gene – most usually the
mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (mtCOI)
gene – for each of the 7,000 described species
of zooplankton.
• Zooplankton metagenomics: CMarZ is
pioneering metagenomic analysis (i.e., the
study of genomes recovered from
environmental samples) of all metazoans
collected by plankton nets.
• DNA microarrays: DNA barcode database
will be used to fabricate DNA “chips” with
recognition sequences for known species to
be used for routine sample analysis and –
eventually – autonomous and remote analysis
of zooplankton species diversity.
CMarZ Data Available in OBIS
CMarZ is analyzing and synthesizing data from both new and historical
collections to generate a global view of holozooplankton biodiversity.
New CMarZ collections (2004-2007)
Historical collections analyzed for CMarZ
CMarZ Education & Outreach
CMarZ Training Workshops:
More than 300 students, staff, and researchers have participated
in international training workshops on land and at sea.
International exchanges among CMarZ participants allow
taxonomic training of graduate students and staff by experts.
Secondary school teachers and students:
Workshops for teachers, curriculum development, research
opportunities.
Database designed for diverse users:
Web-based information for parataxonomists and students
Species Pages with dynamically-assembled displays of
taxonomic, ecological, biogeographical, and genetic data and
information.
Public education:
The CMarZ website, with photo galleries, build public interest
Press coverage remarkable
Next Steps for CMarZ
Biodiversity of Deep SE Atlantic
Sigrid Schiel (Alfred Wegener Institute, Bremerhaven, Germany)
A comprehensive CMarZ biodiversity survey is
scheduled for October/November 2007 on the
Polarstern (ANTXXIV/I)
The cruise is a meridional transit of the Atlantic Ocean
from Bremerhaven, Germany to Cape Town, South
Africa.
Deep-sea sampling will be done to 4,000 m.
At-sea DNA sequencing to barcode species.
At-sea taxonomic training workshop for students and
staff.
MOCNESS 10m2 (335 µm) 4000-1000m
MOCNESS 1m2 (335 µm) 1000-0m
Multinet 0.5 m2 (100µm) 1000-0m
Limits to Knowledge
KNOWN: ~7,000 described species of marine
metazoan and protozoan holo-zooplankton.
UNKNOWN: There are estimated to be many
times more plankton species in the world
oceans than are currently described.
Taxonomic groups where species discovery is
particularly likely include fragile and rare
groups, and cosmopolitan species whose
ranges span more than one ocean basin.
UNKNOWABLE: All regions of the deep-sea –
and many unexplored regions and
biodiversity “hotspots” – are certain to yield
many new species; fragile species will require
in situ collection by divers, ROVs or
submersibles.