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S3 Chemistry
Materials, Metals and alloys
Lesson 1
REVISION
To begin to understand how
batteries work, I can help to
build simple chemical cells
using readily-available
materials which can be used
to make an appliance work.
SCN 2-10a
NEW LEARNING
I can help to design simple
chemical cells and use them to
investigate the factors which
affect the voltage produced.
SCN 3-10a
Starter Questions
1. Write down 3 different types of
battery you have seen/used.
Alkaline (duracell), lithium ion, button cell,
car battery, rechargeable.
2. Which type of battery do you think is
best and why?
Answers could include size, portability,
energy available, time it lasts etc.
Starter Questions
1. Write down 3 different types of
battery you have seen/used.
Alkaline (duracell), lithium ion, button cell,
car battery, rechargeable.
2. Which type of battery do you think is
best and why?
Answers could include size, portability,
energy available, time it lasts etc.
Inside a Battery
Today we will learn to
Describe what the inside of an alkaline
battery looks like and explain how it works.
We will do this by
Watching an animation of how a battery is
made and drawing a labelled diagram, then
identifying why some batteries are
different.
We will have succeeded if
We can use our knowledge to identify the
best batteries for different uses.
Inside a Battery or Cell
The diagram below shows the basic structure of a
normal alkaline cell (e,g, AA). The proper
definition of a battery is several cells joined
together.
Use the diagram, and
the information in the
animation, to label up
the diagram of a
battery you have been
given.
https://www.youtu
be.com/watch?v=
KkRwuM4S8BQ
Inside a Battery or Cell
Anode (positive electrode)
Carbon Rod
Electrolyte paste
Steel or Zinc Casing
Cathode (negative electrode)
Inside a Battery or Cell
How Does a Battery Work?
Batteries contain chemicals and produce
electricity, so the energy change within a
battery is:
Chemical
Electrical
The chemicals inside the battery react to
produce electrons, which flow in a current.
The battery runs out when the chemicals
are used up.
How Does a Battery Work?
Batteries contain _______ and produce
______, so the _____ change within a
battery is:
_______
________
The chemicals inside the battery _____ to
produce ______, which _____ in a current.
The battery ___ ___ when the chemicals
are _____ ____.
Which Battery for Which
Job?
• Match the battery to the job and the
benefits/disadvantages using the cards.
• Once your teacher has checked your
work, copy the table into your jotter.
Demo 7.1
Battery or Cell
Type
Alkaline Battery
Button Cell
Wet Cell
Lithium Ion
Which Battery?
Use
Advantages
Disadvantages
Which Battery?
Battery or Cell
Type
Use
Advantages
Disadvantages
Alkaline Battery
Mid power
portable devices
e.g. remote
control
Cheap, easy to
replace, fairly
light, runs out
quickly.
Can leak
chemicals, needs
to be carefully
disposed of.
Button Cell
Low power very
light devices e.g.
watch or
calculator
Extremely small
and light, long
lasting.
Expensive for the
power available,
short shelf life.
Wet Cell
High power
machines e.g. car
Can provide high
current and be
recharged many
times.
Wet acid
electrolyte can
spill. Very heavy
due to lead plates.
Lithium Ion
High power
rechargeable
devices e.g.
phone/laptop
Provides more
power than an
alkaline battery
and is lighter
Short shelf life
and eventually
stops recharging.
Exit Task – Battery Corners
• Each corner of the room has been
identified as a different type of
battery. Pick the right battery for:
• Your mobile phone
• A remote control car
• A real car
• An MP3 player
• A calculator
S3 Chemistry
Materials, Metals and alloys
Lesson 2
REVISION
To begin to understand how
batteries work, I can help to
build simple chemical cells
using readily-available
materials which can be used
to make an appliance work.
SCN 2-10a
NEW LEARNING
I can help to design simple
chemical cells and use them to
investigate the factors which
affect the voltage produced.
SCN 3-10a
Starter Questions
1. Name 3 things found inside a battery
Carbon rod or lead plates, ammonium
chloride paste or acid electrolyte, zinc
or other metal casing.
2. What energy change takes place in a
battery?
Chemical to electrical.
Making a Battery
Today we will learn to
Explain how a battery works.
We will do this by
Building a basic battery and investigating
what is needed to produce an electric
current.
We will have succeeded if
We can use the structure we have built to
explain where the current comes from.
A Chemical Cell
A chemical cell can be made by connecting 2
metals together, with a solution of ions (an
ELECTROLYTE) in between.
TASK : In pairs, build the cell shown above.
Take a note of the voltage produced, then try
making the following changes to your cell:
Exp 7.2
A Chemical Cell
A ______ cell can be made by connecting 2
_____ together, with a ______ of ions (an
___________) in between.
TASK : In pairs, build the cell shown above.
Take a note of the voltage produced, then try
making the following changes to your cell:
What happens if?
1. Replace the zinc with another piece of
copper.
2. Replace the zinc with lead.
3. Replace the zinc with aluminium
4. Replace the salt water in the cell with
pure (distilled) water.
How a Chemical Cell Works
Cells need 2 different metals. The more
reactive metal gives electrons to the less
reactive metal. These electrons travel
through the wire.
Cells need an ionic solution to complete the
circuit (an ELECTROLYTE). Only ions travel
through the solution.
Both electrons and ions carry charge. This
FLOW of charge is an electric current.
How a Chemical Cell Works
Cells need 2 _______ metals. The _____
reactive metal gives electrons to the _____
reactive metal. These electrons travel
through the _____.
Cells need an ______ solution to complete
the circuit (an ELECTROLYTE). Only ____
travel through the _______.
Both electrons and ions carry _____. This
______ of _____ is an electric _____.
Exit Tickets
On the post it, write down:
2 things you have learned about
cells/batteries.
1 thing you would like to know more about.
S3 Chemistry
Materials, Metals and alloys
Lesson
3
REVISION
To begin to understand how
batteries work, I can help to
build simple chemical cells
using readily-available
materials which can be used
to make an appliance work.
SCN 2-10a
NEW LEARNING
I can help to design simple
chemical cells and use them to
investigate the factors which
affect the voltage produced.
SCN 3-10a
Starter Questions
1. Draw a labelled diagram of a simple
chemical cell.
Starter Questions
1. Draw a labelled diagram of a simple
chemical cell.
2. Why are 2 different metals needed to
make a cell/battery?
Electrons are produced by the more
reactive metal and given to the less
reactive metal.
Cells and Voltage
Today we will learn to
Design an investigation into what affects
voltage in a chemical cell.
We will do this by
Learning about voltage and planning,
investigating and reporting on a factor
which might affect it in a chemical cell.
We will have succeeded if
Someone else can repeat the investigation
and get similar results!
Voltage and Cells
The voltage in a cell is the energy given to the
electrons to allow them to travel along the wire
from the more reactive metal to the less
reactive metal.
Look at the cell and write down all the variables
(things about the cell) which you think could
affect the voltage:
Voltage and Cells
The ______ in a cell is the ______ given to the
electrons to allow them to travel along the wire
from the more ______ metal to the _____
reactive metal.
Look at the cell and write down all the variables
(things about the cell) which you think could
affect the voltage:
Exp 7.3
Investigating Voltage
Aim
To investigate the effect of ______ on the voltage produced in an
electrochemical cell
Method
Etc. etc!!!
Write a draft report, with method and apparatus.
Remember to include any safety features. Draw a
table ready for your results. DO NOT START until I
have checked your method and report so far.
S3 Chemistry
Materials, Metals and alloys
Lesson 4/5
REVISION
I can help to design simple
chemical cells and use them
to investigate the factors
which affect the voltage
produced.
SCN 3-10a
NEW LEARNING
Using a variety of sources, I
have explored the latest
developments in chemical cells
technology and can evaluate
their impact on society.
SCN 4-10b
Starter Questions
1. What is an electric current?
A flow of charged particles (electrons or
ions).
2. What does ‘voltage’ mean?
The energy given to electrons which
allows them to travel between points in
a circuit.
3. Write down 2 factors which might
affect the voltage in a cell.
Metals used, concentration and type of
electrolyte.
The Newest Batteries
Today we will learn to
Describe the latest technology in batteries.
We will do this by
Researching new developments in batteries
and producing a poster on our chosen
battery type.
We will have succeeded if
Everyone in the class learns something new
about another battery type!
Researching Batteries.
We have already learned about the
traditional types of battery available,
including alkaline, rechargeable, wet
cells and lithium ion batteries.
However, there are many new
technologies developing:
http://www.alternative-energy-news.info/technology/battery-power/
http://cosmiclog.nbcnews.com/_news/2008/01/18/4350458-a-revolution-in-batteries
http://www.technologyreview.com/news/419591/a-guide-to-recent-battery-advances/
Researching Batteries.
1. What other battery types could there
be?
2. Who is developing/researching them?
3. What is the environmental impact of
the batteries we use, and are the
newer ones better for the
environment?
4. What will these newer batteries be
used for?
Researching Batteries.
New Battery
Type
Where is it being
developed?
Are the newer
ones better or
worse for the
environment?
What things will
the new batteries
be in?
Exit Task
What makes a good poster on batteries?
Write down 5 essential things which you will
include in your poster when you put together
your information?
Starter Questions
1. What is a metal?
An element found underneath the ‘zig-zag’
on the Periodic Table.
2. Write down 3 properties which you
think would describe all metals.
These might be shiny, hard, conductors,
malleable, sonorous.
3. Do all metals have similar chemical
reactions? Why?
No. They can be found in different groups
in the Periodic Table.
The Reactivity Series
Today we will learn to
Put metals in the order of their reactivity
We will do this by
Reacting some metals with air, water and
acid to see which ones are most reactive.
We will have succeeded if
You can make a list of metals in order of
reactivity.
Metals and Water
From your S2 work, you should remember that some
metals, e.g. lithium, sodium and potassium (the alkali
metals), are so reactive that they have to be kept
away from the oxygen of the air. They are kept
covered in oil.
When they are placed in water, they react violently:
Demo 7.4
Metals and Water
When _____ ______are placed in water, they
________ violently.
Metals and Water
Floats on water, fizzes, releasing a gas.
Floats and moves around on water, fizzes
vigorously, releasing a gas.
Floats and moves around on water, fizzes
vigorously, releasing a gas which catches fire.
When alkali metals are placed in water, they
react violently.
Metals and Water
The reaction of lithium, potassium and sodium with water can be used to
place the three metals in order of reactivity
.
LEAST REACTIVE
lithium
MOST REACTIVE
sodium
potassium
Use the trend in reactivity to predict what will happen in the reaction of
rubidium and caesium with water.
Metals and Water
The reaction of lithium, potassium and sodium with water can be used to
place the three metals in order of reactivity
.
LEAST REACTIVE
lithium
MOST REACTIVE
sodium
potassium
Use the trend in reactivity to predict what will happen in the reaction of
rubidium and caesium with water.
The rubidium and caesium will be even more
reactive – producing an explosive result!
Exp 7.5
Metals and Acid.
When metals react with an acid, they produce bubbles
of gas. The test for the gas produced is conducted as
shown:
Which gas is produced in the reaction?
How is it identified?
Metals and Acid.
Some metals react quite vigorously with water, others relatively
slowly. The rate of reaction of metals with dilute acids is even
greater.
Complete the following table to describe the ‘fierceness’ of the
reaction for each of the metals used.
Metal
copper
iron
magnesium
nickel
zinc
Observation
The Reactivity Series.
Exit Task
Put the following metals in order of reactivity, with most reactive first:
Copper
Gold
Sodium
Calcium
Lithium
Iron
S3 Chemistry
Materials, Metals and alloys
Lesson 6 Alloys
REVISION
Having carried out a range of
experiments using different
chemicals, I can place metals
in an order of reactivity, and
relate my findings to their
everyday uses.
SCN 4-19b
NEW LEARNING
State that an alloy is a
mixture of metals and
explain their benefits
over pure metals.
Starter Questions
1. Name 3 metals stored under oil.
Lithium, sodium, potassium.
2. Name 3 metals which do NOT react
with acid.
Copper, gold, silver, platinum.
3. Complete the word equation:
Magnesium + Oxygen ....
Alloys and their Uses.
Today we will learn to
Explain what an alloy is.
We will do this by
Looking at examples of alloys and describing
their useful properties compared with
simple metals.
We will have succeeded if
We can give more than one example of an
alloy and name the metals it contains.
What is an Alloy?
• An alloy can be a _____ of metals or a
metal mixed with other ___-______
elements e.g. carbon.
• By changing the ________ of the
mixture, it is possible to _______ the
________ of the alloy. This makes
alloys more ______ than pure elements.
Alloys information
What is an Alloy?
• An alloy can be a mixture of metals or
metals mixed with other non-metallic
elements e.g. carbon.
• By changing the composition of the
mixture, it is possible to control the
properties of the alloy. This makes
alloys more useful than pure elements.
Alloys information
Examples of Alloys
Alloy
Solder
Copper Nickel
Brass
Steel
Elements
Uses
Examples of Alloys
Alloy
Elements
Uses
Solder
Lead, Tin,
Silver, Copper
Connecting metal
and electrical
components
Copper Nickel
Brass
Steel
Examples of Alloys
Alloy
Elements
Solder
Lead, Tin,
Connecting
Silver, Copper metal and
electrical
components
Copper, Nickel Coins
Copper Nickel
Brass
Steel
Uses
Examples of Alloys
Alloy
Elements
Solder
Copper Nickel
Lead, Tin,
Connecting
Silver, Copper metal and
electrical
components
Copper, Nickel Coins
Brass
Copper, Zinc
Steel
Uses
Decorative
fixtures
Examples of Alloys
Alloy
Elements
Uses
Solder
Lead, Tin,
Silver, Copper
Connecting metal
and electrical
components
Copper Nickel
Copper, Nickel
Coins
Brass
Copper, Zinc
Steel
Iron, Nickel,
Carbon,
Chromium
Decorative
fixtures
Construction,
wheels, car
bodies, cutlery.
Exp 7.6
Why use Alloys?
• Pick an object from the pictures below. State the
alloy it is made from and explain why it is better than
the pure metal.
S3 Chemistry
Materials, Metals and alloys
Lesson 5
REVISION
NEW LEARNING
I can help to design simple
chemical cells and use them
to investigate the factors
which affect the voltage
produced.
Having carried out a range of
experiments using different
chemicals, I can place metals in
an order of reactivity, and
relate my findings to their
everyday uses.
SCN 3-10a
SCN 4-19b
Starter Questions
1.What is an alloy?
2.Why are alloys used instead of pure
metals?
3.How is crude oil made?
S3 Chemistry
Materials, Metals and alloys
Lesson 8
REVISION
NEW LEARNING
I can help to design simple
chemical cells and use them
to investigate the factors
which affect the voltage
produced.
Having carried out a range of
experiments using different
chemicals, I can place metals in
an order of reactivity, and
relate my findings to their
everyday uses.
SCN 3-10a
SCN 4-19b
Natural and Synthetic Materials
Today we will learn to
State the difference between natural and
synthetic materials
We will do this by
Looking at different materials and
working out where they come from.
Where do these materials come
from?
Natural Materials
• Natural materials come from the
world around us as we find them.
• Examples of natural materials are
wood, metal and paper
Natural Materials
• ________ materials come from the
world around us as we find them.
• Examples of natural materials are
______, metal and ______
Synthetic Materials
• Synthetic materials are materials
made by man
• A common synthetic material we
use is plastics
Synthetic Materials
• _______materials are materials
made by man
• A common synthetic material we
use is ______.
• Plastics are now used to replace a
variety of natural materials, e.g. wood,
metal and paper
• Most plastics are (relatively) cheap to
produce … this is one reason they are
used to make disposable items, e.g.
cutlery and cups
• Plastics are now used to __________ a
variety of _________ materials, e.g.
wood, metal and paper
• Most plastics are (relatively) ________
to produce. This is one reason they are
used to make _________ items, e.g.
cutlery and cups.
Where do plastics come from?
• Most of the plastics
that we use are
made from
substances obtained
from crude oil
Think/Pair/Share
• Think of some plastics that you use
• Why are they used for that use?
• Could a natural material be used for the
same thing?
S3 Chemistry
Materials, Metals and alloys
Lesson 9
REVISION
NEW LEARNING
I can help to design simple
chemical cells and use them
to investigate the factors
which affect the voltage
produced.
Having carried out a range of
experiments using different
chemicals, I can place metals in
an order of reactivity, and
relate my findings to their
everyday uses.
SCN 3-10a
SCN 4-19b
Problems with Plastics
Today we will learn to
Look at the advantages and problems of
plastics
We will do this by
Looking at how plastics have enhanced
our lives. Also looking at how plastics
are damaging the environment
We will have succeeded if
Problems with Plastics
•Natural materials decay
after they have been
thrown away, however,
most plastics don’t.
•They last for a long
time and this can lead to
problems of disposal
•Something which breaks down naturally is
called biodegradable
•Something which does not break down
naturally is called non-biodegradable
Disposing of Plastics
• Read the double sheet about problems
with plastics.
• In your booklet, take a note of at least
3 ways of disposing of plastics. What
are the problems with each method?
• Answer the section questions on the
sheet in your jotter in sentences.
Recycling &
reusing plastics
• Research the steps
involved in plastic
recycling
• Create a flow chart to
outline the process
involved
• What type of things
are made from recycled
plastic?
Exit Questions
• What is a natural material?
• What is a synthetic material?
Starter Question
• How many things
have you used
today that are
ceramic?
S3 Chemistry
Materials, Metals and alloys
Lesson 10
REVISION
NEW LEARNING
I can help to design simple
chemical cells and use them
to investigate the factors
which affect the voltage
produced.
Having carried out a range of
experiments using different
chemicals, I can place metals in
an order of reactivity, and
relate my findings to their
everyday uses.
SCN 3-10a
SCN 4-19b
Ceramics
Today we will learn to
understand the properties of ceramics
and know some examples of ceramics
We will do this by
Looking how ceramics are made and
what they are used for
We will have succeeded if
What are ceramics?
• A product made
essentially from a nonmetallic mineral by firing
at a high temperature
• Comes from the Greek
"keramos," meaning
"potter's clay”
• http://www.bbc.co.uk/ed
ucation/clips/z7nhfg8
Unusual uses for ceramics
LCD
X-Ray and CT scanners
Catalytic converters
Everyday ceramics – Think/Pair/Share
Can you think of
three examples?

Everyday ceramics
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Brick
Cement
Glass
Tile
Dinnerware
Porcelain
Porcelain enamel
What are ceramics made from?
• Ceramics are made of a variety of
natural materials such as clay
• Some ceramics have less common
chemical elements such as zirconium and
yttrium in them and this gives them
fascinating and sometimes unexpected
properties such as superconductivity
What are ceramics made from?
• Ceramics are made of a variety of
_______ materials such as _____.
• Some ceramics have less common
chemical _________ such as
__________ and yttrium in them and
this gives them fascinating and
sometimes unexpected ____________
such as superconductivity.
Properties of ceramics

Can you list the
properties?
Properties of ceramics
•
•
•
•
•
Hard
Wear-resistant
Brittle
Heat resistant
Thermal and electrical
insulators
• Nonmagnetic
• Chemically stable
Ceramics
Today we will learn to
understand the properties of ceramics
and know some examples of ceramics
We will do this by
Looking how ceramics are made and
what they are used for
We will have succeeded if
Starter Questions
1. Give 3 examples of ceramics in use in
everyday life
Brick, Cement, Glass, Tile, Dinnerware
Porcelain
2. What properties do ceramics have that
make them suitable for their particular
use?
Hard, Wear-resistant, Brittle, Heat
resistant,Thermal and electrical
insulators, Chemically stable
S3 Chemistry
Materials, Metals and alloys
Lesson 11
REVISION
NEW LEARNING
I can help to design simple
chemical cells and use them
to investigate the factors
which affect the voltage
produced.
Having carried out a range of
experiments using different
chemicals, I can place metals in
an order of reactivity, and
relate my findings to their
everyday uses.
SCN 3-10a
SCN 4-19b
Hydrogels
Today we will learn to
Identify the properties of hydrogels
We will do this by
Carrying out an experiment testing
hydrogels and watch a video describing
their properties
We will have succeeded if
We can describe the properties of hydrogels
and some important uses
Starter
• Why do babies wear nappies?
• How does a nappy work?
Pupil Experiment - Nappies
Exp 7.7
Aim: To find out how much water you can
add to 1g of a baby’s nappy (contains sodium polyacrylate)
Method:
Weigh out a 1g sample of material from the nappy.
What will we need to measure to investigate how much water
this can absorb?
What equipment will we need?
Write a draft plan in pencil in your workbook.
Results
Mass of Nappy
Before
Volume of Water
Absorbed
Mass of Nappy
After
What is the ratio of Nappy content : Water?
Conclusion:
Novel Materials -Hydrogels
A hydrogel is an example of a smart material.
It can change its structure in response to
water, salt concentration, pH and
temperature. They are used in nappies,
contact lenses and firefighting!
Hydrogels are cross linked polymers that have
hydrophilic (water loving) groups of atoms on
their molecules.
Novel Materials - Hydrogels
A __________ is an example of a _____
material It can change its _______ in
response to _____, salt concentration, ___
and temperature. They are used in _______,
contact lenses and _____________!
Hydrogels are cross linked _______ that
have _______ (water loving) groups of atoms
on their molecules.
S3 Chemistry
Materials, Metals and alloys
Lesson 12
REVISION
NEW LEARNING
I can help to design simple
chemical cells and use them
to investigate the factors
which affect the voltage
produced.
Having carried out a range of
experiments using different
chemicals, I can place metals in
an order of reactivity, and
relate my findings to their
everyday uses.
SCN 3-10a
SCN 4-19b
Think, Pair, Share
• Think about a car rusting
1. Is this a chemical or physical reaction?
Explain your answer
Chemical – a new substance is formed
2. Do cars rust more quickly in different
areas?
Near the sea and hot places
3. How do you protect cars from rusting?
Paint it
Corrosion
Today we will learn to
State what causes rusting
We will do this by
Carrying out an experiment testing
potential different causes of rusting
We will have succeeded if
Corrosion – what is it?
• Stop the video at points to answer
questions
• Corrosion video
Corrosion
• All metals corrode. This happens when
they react with oxygen on the surface
of the metal.
• Metals corrode at different rates.
• The only metal that rusts is iron.
Corrosion
• All metals ______. This happens when
they react with ______ on the surface
of the metal.
• Metals corrode at different _____.
• The only metal that _____ is _____.
Corrosion
Demo 7.8
Corrosion
Corrosion
Corrosion – what is happening?
• When iron is rusting it is losing
electrons – this is why it is not iron
metal anymore
• Question – if it is losing electrons,
where are they going?
• Another element is gaining them!
Corrosion – what is happening?
• When iron is rusting it is _______
electrons – this is why it is not iron
metal anymore
• Question – if it is losing electrons,
where are they going?
• Another ______ is ______ them!
New definitions
• When a metal loses electrons the
reaction is called oxidation
• When a metal gains electrons the
reaction is called reduction
• Easy way to remember – OIL RIG
(Oxidation is loss, reduction is gain)
New definitions
• When a metal loses electrons the
reaction is called __________
• When a metal _______ electrons the
reaction is called reduction
• Easy way to remember – OIL RIG
(Oxidation is ____, reduction is ____)
Corrosion
Today we will learn to
State what causes rusting
We will do this by
Carrying out an experiment testing
potential different causes of rusting
We will have succeeded if
Preventing Corrosion
Today we will learn to
Explain how physical and chemical methods
can be used to prevent corrosion.
We will do this by
Examining the results of last day’s
experiment and applying the
electrochemical series to them.
We will have succeeded if
We can explain why different methods
prevent corrosion.
Starter
• What 2 things must be present for
rusting to occur?
Oxygen and water
• What indicator do we use to test for
rusting? What colour does it turn?
Ferroxyl indicator - Blue
• What is oxidation?
A reaction where metals lose electrons
• What is reduction?
A reaction where metals gain electrons
Preventing Corrosion
Preventing Corrosion
• Electroplating
Preventing Corrosion
Preventing Corrosion
Preventing Corrosion
Experiment
• How could you test which metals will
protect iron from rusting?
• You will plan an investigation to find out
which metals protect iron and which do
not
Preventing Corrosion
Exp 7.9
Preventing Corrosion
You can see that the second dish containing the iron nail attached to a piece
of magnesium has turned pink. This is due to the magnesium donating its
electrons to the water and oxygen, so that hydroxide ions still form but
there are no iron(II) ions formed and so no rusting. The third dish shows
the bad effect of attaching a metal lower than iron in the electrochemical
series when the iron comes in to contact with air and water. This is why old
damaged tin cans rust so badly.
Preventing Corrosion
Preventing Corrosion