Download Gro I. van der Meeren, Ann-Lisbeth Agnalt, Even Moland, Esopen

Stock Enhancement in European Lobster:
Relations to Lobster Biology, Fisheries
and Management
Gro I. van der Meeren, Ann-Lisbeth Agnalt, Even Moland, Esopen
Moland Olsen, Alf Ring Kleiven, Knut Jørstad, Ellen S. Grefsrud,
Eva Farestveit, Ole Ingar Paulsen & Trude H. Thangstad
Institute of Marine Research, PB 1870 Nordnes, NO-5817
Bergen, NORWAY
Lobster research in Norway today
Aquaculture
Stock enhancement
MPA
(ongoing)
(terminated)
(ongoing)
Fisheries monitoring and technology (ongoing)
Reproduction, Recruitment and carrying
capacity
Behaviour
Diseases
(ongoing)
(terminated)
(ongoing)
Projects at the IMR
Where are the fisheries?
The development of the fisheries
Fisheries regulations.
The value of the fisheries.
Where are we heading?
The decapod crustacean fisheries in
Norway
Historic
landings
Euopean lobster Brown crab Deep sea shrimp Norway lobster
100,000
Landings since 1908, all species
Deep sea shrimp
80,000
Red king crab
60,000
Brown crab
40,000
Norway lobster
20,000
Lobster
Data sources: Anon 1995. Historical Statistics 1994. Ch. 15 Fishing, Sealing and Whaling. Statistics Norway,
Oslo Kongsvinger 1995: pp343-364. and kindly uptadet to 2007 by the Norwegian Directorate for Fisheries
2003
1998
1993
1988
1983
1978
1973
1968
1963
1958
1953
1948
1943
1938
1933
1928
1923
1918
1913
0
1908
Metric tons
Red king crab
Fisheries regulations
State of the stocks:
Regulations:
TACa
Quota per boat
License
Season closures
Gear regulations
MLSb
MaxLS
Protection of females
Protection of
berried females
Cultivation
MPAc
Red-listed
Expanding Assumed good Expanding
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
-
-
X
X
-
Mean value of annual catch
(Nok x 1 000)
per species
1,000,000
100,000
10,000
1,000
100
10
1
Lobster
Brown crab
Deep sea
shrimp
Norway
lobster
Red king
crab
1,000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
Norway
lobster
Lobster
1908
1910
1912
1914
1916
1918
1920
1922
1924
1926
1928
1930
1932
1934
1936
1938
1940
1942
1944
1946
1948
1950
1952
1954
1956
1958
1960
1962
1964
1966
1968
1970
1972
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
Metric tons
Landings of Homarus gammarus and Nephrops norvegicus
Data sources: Anon 1995. Historical Statistics 1994. Ch. 15 Fishing, Sealing and Whaling. Statistics Norway,
Oslo Kongsvinger 1995: pp343-364. and kindly uptadet to 2007 by the Norwegian Directorate for Fisheries
Total catch
# of
lobsters
Kilo
Prop of total
Total recreational catch
25400
16600
0,65
Total commercial catch
12100
7900
0,31
Unknown
1400
900
0,04
Official commercial landings
2803
1831
0,07
39200
25400
Total catch
Alf Ring Kleiven1,2, Esben Moland Olsen 1 Jon Helge Vølstad1
Where are we heading?
2005 Introducing ecosystem-based management of
marine resources to replace single-species approaches,
Wide geographical scales
Traditions
Weak databases
= Separate management for these fisheries
The management approach must be
founded on
Biological and ecological data,
Insight in the ecosystem each species
Understanding of the value of these
fisheries
The social implications
MPA
A ) Mean catch-per-unit-effort inside reserve- and control
areas before and after reserve establishment.
B) Mean size of lobsters (total length) caught in reserve and
control areas before and after reserve establishment.
C) Egg size of egg bearing females inside-outside in reserve
and control areas before and after establishment
Will be good for stock size
Cannot replace the management of the surrounding waters.
MPA may not be anything but conservation.
Even Moland, Esben M. Olsen, Halvor Knutsen, Alf
Ring Kleiven, Jan Atle Knutsen, IMR
Mats Ulmestrand
Swedish National Board of
Fisheries
Øyvind Fiksen
Modeling group, University of
Bergen
Volker Grimm
UFZ, Leipzig
Cultivation by rear and release strategies
•Provides a stable and controlled recruitment
•Protects the organisms through vulnerable life stages
•Has been attempted in a range of both terrestrial and
•limnic organisms
•Has more often than not been based on
•”good ideas” , ”best guesses”, and ”trial-and-error”
methods
Result:
Few succesful programmes
Cause:
Lack of ecological understanding
Intention
and
wanted
outcome
Rear
organism
Release
Settling in
Growth
Factors that will have influence on the outcom
1.
Morphology, Physiology and
Neurology
2.
Effect of Handling, Release and
Physical Sea Conditions
3.
Experience
4.
Competition
5.
Habitat
6.
Predators
7.
Food
Morphology: Relations between
Claw Size, Weight and Carapace
Length
110
400
y = 0,4777x + 6,3626
y = 0,0435x + 67,813
2
2
R = 0,8412
300
CL (mm)
CI (cm3)
R = 0,2973
100
90
200
y = 0,0478x + 61,337
y = 0,386x - 1,2681
2
2
R = 0,425
R = 0,6343
100
80
350
450
550
650
750
850
950
Weight (g)
American lobster. CI (cm3)
350
450
550
650
750
850
950
Weight (g)
European lobster CL (mm)
van der Meeren, Wahle & Ekeli, in prep
Morphology:
Shelter competition
Cum. nos.
12
9
6
3
0
0,5 2,5 4,5 6,5 8,5 11
15 19
35
55 75
Min.
Eur. lobster
Am. lobster
Evicted from shelter by an introduced competitor
van der Meeren, Wahle & Ekeli, in prep
Seconds
Handling: Transportation
120
100
80
Rushing
along bottom
60
40
20
0
Seconds
L/P D/P D/P/W D D/W L/W
120
100
80
60
40
Rushing up
in the water
column
20
L/P D/P D/P/W D D/W L/W
L= Light
D = Dark
P = under Pressure
W = in Water
Ref.: van der Meeren, G.I. 1991. Out-of-Water Transportation Effects on Behaviour in Newly Released Juvenile
Atlantic Lobsters Homarus gammarus. Aquaculture Engineering 10: 55-64.
Percentage %
100
Release strategy:
Survival related to season
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Summer
May-Nov.
Released
Winter
Dec.-April
Recovered in stomach samples
Based on: van der Meeren 2000. Predation on hatchery-reared juvenile European lobsters Homarus
gammarus released in the wild. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science, 57: 1784-1793.
% fighting lobsters
Physical Sea Conditions: Temperature and
70
60
50
40
*
30
n.s.
*
20
10
0
Cold
Warm
Dim
Light
Fish
No fish
Based on data from: van der Meeren, G.I. 1993. Initial response to physical and biological conditions in naive
juvenile Lobsters Homarus gammarus. Marine Behaviour and Physiology 24: 79-92.
Settling
processes
at
release
time
Release
organism
Rearing and
handling
Alert
Swim
Confused
Sink
Flee
Loose
Injury
Biological
factors
Interactions Roaming
Win
Settling in
Growth
Apathetic
Experience: Direction of first move
after release
80
60
Photo: Eva Farestveit
%
40
Shelter
position
20
0
Naive
Experienced
Treatment
X
Centre
tube
Release spot
Nearest corner/wall
Ref.: van der Meeren, G.I. 2001. Effects of Experience with Shelter in Hatchery-Reared Juvenile
European Lobsters Homarus gammarus. Marine & Freshwater Research 52: 1487-93.
Experience: Time to accept
shelter,sheltering behaviour
18
Minutes
15
12
Photo: Eva Farestveit
9
6
3
0
Naive
Not threatened
Experienced
Threatened
Ref.: van der Meeren, G.I. 2001. Effects of Experience with Shelter in Hatchery-Reared Juvenile
European Lobsters Homarus gammarus. Marine & Freshwater Research 52: 1487-93.
100
Habitat: Survival related to
substrate types
Frequency
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Rocky grounds
Released
Open sand
Recovered in stomach samples
Based on: van der Meeren 2000. Predation on hatchery-reared juvenile European lobsters Homarus
gammarus released in the wild. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science, 57: 1784-1793.
Competitors: Biodiversity
0
Frequency
10 20 30
40
Anomura
50
Mollusca
7.4% Sipunculidae
Nemertea
1.5%
1.0.%
Brachyura
Caridea
Echinodermata
20.0%
Thalassinidea
Amphipoda
Isopoda
Mysidacea
Polychata
20.0%
Other
phyla
1.0%
Pisces
0.5%
Crustacea
49.0%
Astacidae
Ref.: Mercer, J., Bannister, R.C.A., van der Meeren, G.I., Debuse, V., Mazzoni, D., Linnane, A., and Ball, B.
2000. The Influence of Competitive Interactions on the Abundance of Early Benthic Stage European Lobster
(Homarus gammarus L.) and Hence on the Carrying Capacity of Lobster Habitat. Final Report LEAR FAIR CT-1775.
Shellfish Research Laboratory, Carna, County Galway, Ireland, 158 pp.
Nos. unsheltered
Competitors:Biodiversity
16
H. gammarus
12
G. squamifera, small
G. squamifera, large
8
L. arcuatus
4
P. longicornis
0
Release
2h
25 h
49 h
73 h
Competitor species
16
Ref.:
Koponen, H . 2003.
Interspecific competition among
hatchery reared European lobster
(Homarus gammarus L.)
juveniles and wild benthic decapods.
)(L.).
Nos.
unsheltered
12
8
4
Master thesis, University
of Bergen, Norway
0
Release
2h
25 h
49 h
Observation time
73 h
Predators
Labrus bergylta
Summer/Autumn
Gadus morhua
Summer/Autumn/
Winter
Video by E. Farestveit
Photo: T. van der Meeren
Photo: Astrid
Woll
Carcinus maenas Cancer pagurus
All year
Summer/Autumn
Photo: Per Jensen
Based on: van der Meeren 2000. Predation on hatchery-reared juvenile European lobsters Homarus
gammarus released in the wild. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science, 57: 1784-1793.
Observed/Expected
Overall survival – pooled data in
all experimental units (H and P)
2
KWild
1.5
1
KReared
0.5
0
Group
Kwild
KReared
No.
1061
1214
Source: Jørstad et al. 2009
Observed
Survival
7,00 %
3,80 %
Observed/Expected
100 %
54% of W
Settling
and survival
processes
after
release
Experience
Roaming
Predator
attack
Injury
Loose
Death
Injury
Interactions
Win
Competition
Seeking
shelter
Enter
shelter
Settling in
successfully
Growth
Habitat and
Predation
Food and
space
requirements
after
settling in
Escape
Loose
Predator
attack
Injury
Biological
factors
Roaming
Interactions
Win
Growth
factors
Enough food
Enough space
Adopt
shelter
Acceptable
substrate
Injury
Death
Settling in
succesfully
Food shortage
Limited space
Leave
shelter
Unacceptable
substrate
No growth
Growth
Summary
Quality of the
release organism
depends on:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Broodstock
Health
Rearing facilities, incl. food qualiyt
Training
Handling and transport
Acclimatisation
Biological and ecolo
knowledge
is necessary and should be based o
•
•
•
•
Field studies
Laboratory experiments
Individual-based models
Ecosystem theories
Release
Rear
Summary Rearing and
organism
handling
of
Alert
important
Swim
Sink
Flee
Release
concerns
related to
Loose
Injury
juvenile
Roaming
Biological
Interactions
Settling in
releases factors
Ref: van der Meeren
2004. Review Potential
of ecological studies to
improve survival of
cultivated and released
European lobsters,
Homarus
gammarus.
New Zealand Journal of
Marine and Freshwater
Research, 39: 399-424
Win
Escape
Predator
attack
Injury
Settling in
succesfully
Enough space
Growth
Acceptable
substrate
Apathetic
Death
Enough food
Adopt
shelter
Confused
Food shortage
Limited space
Leave
shelter
Unacceptable
substrate
No growth
Growth
Factors that will have influence on the outcom
1.
Morphology, Physiology,
Neurology and Genetics
2.
Effect of Handling, Release and
Physical Sea Conditions
3.
Experience
4.
Competition
5.
Habitat
6.
Predators
7.
Food
Thank you