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BUILDING ECOSYSTEM AND PEOPLE’S RESILIENCE USING ECOSYTEM BASED APPROACH: A case of LCBCCAP and ASSETS Projects, MALAWI Sosten Chiotha, Gibson Mphepo, Dalitso Kafumbata, Patrick Likongwe, LEAD PROJECT SITE Lake Chilwa Basin is a fragile ecosystem, covering Phalombe, Zomba and Machinga districts Two projects namely: N Lake Chiuta Sh i re MACH I NG A # Y Liwonde # Y D o ma si Lake Chilwa Li k an g ala Tho n e lo dw Zom ba m be [ % Ph a ZOMBA m So an b i PH A LO MB E dz a w i N am Migo Lake Chilwa Basin Climate Change Adaptation Programme (LCBCCAP) (2010 – 2015) funded by Royal Norwegian Embassy. Project also implemented at Thuma Forest Reserve Attaining Sustainable Services from Ecosystems Through Trade-Off Scenarios (ASSETS) (2012 – 2016) funded by Ecosystem Services for Poverty Alleviation (ESPA) with support from DFID and NERC and ESRC, UK. Lake Chilwa Catchment and Districts [% Mun icipality # Y To wn Main R oa d Seco nd ary Ro ad Te rt iary R oad District R o ad Ra ilw ay District B ou nda ry Co nto urs Rive rs Ch _riv_p. shp LakesC hilwa C at chm ent Lake Lake C hilwa C at chm ent Y Phalom be # 10 2nd Africa EbA for food security conference 2015 | Nairobi - Kenya 0 10 20 30 Kilo m eter s | 30 – 31 July 2015 i Risk being addressed High population density: 321 persons/sq. km (Malawi average is 136) Small land holding sizes: Average of 0.31 Ha/hh (Malawi average is 1.2 Ha/hh) Hillside and Stream Bank Cultivation due to land shortage Environmental degradation (e.g. soil loss of 20 – 50 tons/ha/year) RISK BEING ADDRESSED Environmental Degradation 2nd Africa EbA for food security conference 2015 | Nairobi - Kenya | 30 – 31 July 2015 RISK BEING ADDRESSED Extreme and changing weather patterns 2nd Africa EbA for food security conference 2015 | Nairobi - Kenya | 30 – 31 July 2015 Risk being addressed Problem animals e.g. elephants and hippos Post harvest losses (for fish can as high as 40%) Low food production leading to poor nutrition and health (e.g. Maize yield of 1.5 t/ha vs a potential of 7 t/ha) The Objective – LCBCCAP General Objective To secure the livelihoods of 1.5 million people in the Lake Chilwa Basin and enhance resilience of the natural resource base Specific Objectives/Themes 1. To strengthen local and district institutions to manage natural resources sustainably and build resilience to climate change; 2. To facilitate and help build cross-basin and cross-sector natural resource management and planning for climate change throughout the Basin; 3. To improve household and enterprise adaptive capacity in basin hotspots 4. To mitigate the effects of climate change through improved forest management and governance 2nd Africa EbA for food security conference 2015 | Nairobi - Kenya | 30 – 31 July 2015 The Objective - ASSETS General Objective To explicitly quantify the linkages between the natural ecosystem services that affect – and are affected by – food security and nutritional health for the rural poor at the forest-agricultural interface Specific Objectives/Themes 1. Identify current levels of direct and indirect contributions of ecosystem services to local food security and nutritional health outcomes for the rural poor 2. Identify the drivers and pressures that have the greatest effect on the ecosystem services that are most important for food security and health outcomes 3. Analyse the extent of coping strategies to food insecurity dependent on ecosystem services over multiple spatial and temporal scales 4. Find out how the levels of direct and indirect contributions of ecosystem services to local food security and nutritional health outcomes for the rural poor likely to change under future land use and climate change scenarios 2nd Africa EbA for food security conference 2015 | Nairobi - Kenya | 30 – 31 July 2015 Target groups of the project a)Local communities b)The vulnerable groups (e.g. women, the youth, people living with HIV/AIDS and disability) 2nd Africa EbA for food security conference 2015 | Nairobi - Kenya | 30 – 31 July 2015 What EBA Techniques were used? Key stakeholders of the project and methods used to involve them Key Stakeholder Method of engagement Remarks District Councils Project Planning and review meetings; Workshops; Training and capacity building Decentralized structure of District Council-District Executive Committee/District Environment SubcommitteeArea Development CommitteeVillage Development Committee used Policy makers Training; Meetings; 40 Hon. Members of Parliament Workshops; discussion fora Faith and traditional leaders Training; Tree planting projects; Meetings; Workshops Includes 100 faith leaders (40 national and 60 Blantyre Synod); Over 100 traditional leaders 2nd Africa EbA for food security conference 2015 | Nairobi - Kenya | 30 – 31 July 2015 What EBA Techniques were used? Key stakeholders of the project and methods used to involve them Key Stakeholder Method of engagement Remarks The media Training; Production and broadcasting radio and TV programmes; Newsletter articles; discussion for a Includes Malawi Broadcasting Corporation, Zodiac Broadcasting Corporation, Radio Islam, Radio Maria, Nation Publications, Blantyre Newspapers NGOs Planning and review meetings; discussion fora; joint projects; networking and sharing best practices Includes Network for Enhanced Livelihoods (NEAL) [ LEAD, Total Land Care, We Effect, National Association for Smallholder Farmers of Malawi, Africa Institute of Corporate Citizenship, Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources (LUANAR)], Emmanuel International, Academia Joint projects; meetings; Includes Universities Malawi, workshops; curriculum Mzuzu and Livingstonia 2nd Africa EbA for food security conference 2015 | Nairobi - Kenya | 30 – 31 July 2015 reviews; training What EBA Techniques were used? What ecosystem approaches were adopted to implement project activities? Landscape Approach through hotspots Upstream and downstream situation analyses Vulnerability Assessments Consultative/Participatory Processes Modelling (FEEDMe, ARIES, Bow-Tie) Food diaries and household surveys Capacity building Robust and interactive communication strategies— reaching more farmers through Community radio, Radio Listener's Clubs(RLC) drama, songs and local newspapers 2nd Africa EbA for food security conference 2015 | Nairobi - Kenya | 30 – 31 July 2015 What EBA Techniques were used? What ecosystem approaches were adopted to implement project activities? Robust monitoring system on water, soil, forests, birds, fish and weather involving the local communities Three year rainfall pattern in Lake Chilwa Basin Four seasons pattern of mean river discharge in the basin 2nd Africa EbA for food security conference 2015 | Nairobi - Kenya | 30 – 31 July 2015 What EBA Techniques were used? What ecosystem approaches were adopted to implement project activities? Robust monitoring system on water, soil, forests, birds, fish and weather involving the local communities Fulvous whistling ducks (“Zipiyo”) killed MOMS: Community Based Monitoring Tool 2nd Africa EbA for food security conference 2015 | Nairobi - Kenya | 30 – 31 July 2015 What EBA Techniques were used? What research approaches have informed the EBA? There was no comprehensive research done to inform LCBCCAP Phase 1. ASSETS project (which came later in 2012)will inform activities for phase II of LCBCCAP since it has quantified various variables under EBA in Lake Chilwa Basin including levels of malnutrition, the risks and benefits 2nd Africa EbA for food security conference 2015 | Nairobi - Kenya | 30 – 31 July 2015 How this approach addressed & enhanced food & nutrition security? Indicator Baseline (2010) Current Status (2015) % Change # households practicing CA 345 4031 +1068 % # CA Adopters 0 2001 >100 % Maize yield 1.5 t/ha 3.5 t/ha +133.3 % # of HHs keeping pigs Less than 10 100 >90 % # of solar fish driers (to improve quality and reduce losses) 0 8 >100 % How this approach addressed & enhanced food & nutrition security? 10, 000 fruit trees planted benefitting 200 farmers 2756 chickens and 48 piglets distributed to 462 and 100 HH respectively 2161 HHs supported with cassava cuttings and sweet potato vines planted on 73 Ha following loss of maize to floods 2nd Africa EbA for food security conference 2015 | Nairobi - Kenya | 30 – 31 July 2015 How this approach addressed & enhanced climate adaptation/resilience building CA for food security Some Income from CA improves housing status How this approach addressed & enhanced climate adaptation/resilience building Marketing skills enhanced through agribusiness training, 75 farmers linked to better markets Mobile banking services for fishing communities promoted – under floods How this approach addressed & enhanced climate adaptation/resilience building Mobilizing support towards the treatment of bilharzia: Over 1,000 people treated Mobilizing support towards addressing cholera How this approach addressed & enhanced climate adaptation/resilience building Producer Group Linkage to market Value sold Pigeon peas Rab Processors 28 Metric tons (K1.4 million; ~ US$8,500). 20% Chilli growers Ex-Agris Company Over 1,000 Kg (~MK450,000) 30% Fish processors Superates, Tea estates Over 200 Kg (~MK200,000) 125% Farmers linked to better markets for better prices. % increase in sales How this approach addressed & enhanced climate adaptation/resilience building Energy efficient technologies: Fish smoking kilns How this approach addressed & enhanced climate adaptation/resilience building Energy efficient technologies: Solar fish driers and value addition How this approach addressed & enhanced ecosystem productivity Critical Sites Conserved Over30 Village Forest Areas established, Over 1.2 million tree seedlings planted within and outside basin, Incidence of Forest fires reduced, Soil erosion reduced How did this approach address& enhance ecosystem productivity Chirunga Forest: Biodiversity Restored (Vegetation succession, fruits, insects etc) The big Picture- Impacts Over 15,000 individuals and 100 institutions directly benefited through training and development projects The approach needs to go with a rigorous monitoring system to measure impact at house hold level The RLCs and Community Radio have supported early warning and DRR in general (red locusts, cholera) The big Picture- Impacts The EBA has potential for replication: At professional level, the following projects have replicated EBA: Water Futures Towards Equitable Resource Strategies (WATERS) Project (by VSO Malawi Office, Fisheries Integration in Society and Habitat (FISH) and CIDA; VSO has also replicated MOMS At local level, Livestock Pass-on scheme successful; CA and Paper recycling adopted; Increased demand for tree planting especially by the youth and faith leaders How can the ecosystem based Adaptation approach help change the current agriculture paradigm in Africa As described by Delgado (1995), Africa has gone through 9 paradigms in Agriculture from commercialization via cash cropping (1910-1970) to sustainable development (SD) since 1990. All, except the last paradigm, focused on growth, equity and industrialization. The last paradigm, SD includes conservation but the world is yet to develop the post 2015 sustainable development agenda EBA will improve on the current paradigm by integrating other environmental variables to the existing agriculture equation (e.g. Biodiversity and water resources management) How can the ecosystem based Adaptation approach help change the current agriculture paradigm in Africa EBA will empower local communities to participate in sustainable agriculture practices. EBA will link upstream and down stream communities through water use associations and village natural resource committees. EBA will sustain and improve land productivity, countering the current approach that is plundering the environment EBA will change people’s mind-sets that currently delink agriculture from conservation (still on the first Paradigm by Delgado, 1995) How can the EBA approach feed Africa Climate change will severely threaten food production (especially crops) in Africa but EBA offers an opportunity to improve agricultural productivity under such changing climates. a. EBA will improve/maintain crop and livestock productivity through an improvement in land productivity (e.g. improved soil fertility and water retention) b. Value additions will improve nutritive value of various food items c. Household incomes will increase through value additions and improved market access. Africa will therefore diversify its food sources through purchase of off-off farm food items How can the EBA approach feed Africa Climate change will severely threaten food production (especially crops) in Africa but EBA offers an opportunity to improve agricultural productivity under such changing climates. a. Biodiversity (e.g. fish, birds, fruits) will be restored, thus promoting food diversity b. Human disease occurrences will be reducedpeople will be more productive and malnutrition will be reduced How Can EBA create opportunities in the entire agricultural value chain? Provides opportunity to improve ecosystem health and food security and nutrition following a systematic process of beneficiary and site selection (following the landscape approach) to harvesting and processing (adding value) until marketing. Creates an opportunity for more research and technology development to understand the approach thoroughly Due its multi-disciplinary, the approach offers a wide range of job opportunities 2nd Africa EbA for food security conference 2015 | Nairobi - Kenya | 30 – 31 July 2015 How can current trends in ‘Green Revolution’ technologies to Africa (e.g. G7 New Alliance, Grow Africa, etc.) be made EBAfriendly? The technologies should have strong components of Payment for Ecosystem Services [Currently the focus is to boost the agriculture sector] The proponents of the technologies should be made more aware about EBA especially stressing the interlinkages between agriculture and ecosystem health EBA proponents should conduct advocacy campaigns against technologies (such as G8NA) that might marginalize small holder farmers in Africa 2nd Africa EbA for food security conference 2015 | Nairobi - Kenya | 30 – 31 July 2015 Barriers Lake Chilwa and its basin is mostly customary land with open access to most of the resources including fish and wetland birds. The fish stocks as well as bird populations are declining. Some birds not traditionally consumed (e.g. Cattle Egret) are now hunted, an indicator of declining bird populations. Program monitoring system is elaborate and ambitious and includes indicators for both results and impacts, however, sufficient baseline studies have not yet been made. Slow adoption of Conservation Agriculture and other technologies. The EBA not fully understood Barriers Traditional knowledge systems/Religious beliefs: End time conceptions; Trust in traditional early warning signals (mistrust Met. Data because it is not site specific); Some resistance to change—local maize still being cultivated at large scale Proliferation of projects in the basin with no defined networking linkages What are the suggested actions to influence policy to adopt EBA approaches for Food security and climate resilience Conduct workshops to demonstrate to policy makers, Civil Society Organizations, NGOs, faith leaders, the academia and local communities that unintegrated approaches harm the environment a. Algal blooms in Lake Chilwa from eutrophication b. 2015 flooding (damaging crops and property) due to deforestation in the upland areas c. Tree planting leading to leakage of deforestation to other areas Produce and distribute awareness materials about EBA highlighting the concept and benefits Generate scientific proof about EBA benefits and associated barriers What are the suggested actions to influence policy to adopt EBA approaches for Food security and climate resilience Suggested policy issues include: 1. Sustainable agriculture intensification 2. Convert Lake Chilwa Basin into a protected area with more resources to manage it. 3. Introduce payment for ecosystem services approaches 4. Encourage local community management of on-farm natural regeneration 5. Upstream and downstream management 6. Pilot EBA at small scale 7. Financing the EBA 8. Research and Technology Development for EBA 9. Introduce EBA as a topic in school curricula What are the suggested actions to enhance replication and create jobs for the youths Develop a robust and holistic communication strategy, training and capacity building programs and create Jobs for the youths Provision of incentives such as exchange visits, training, and others input support, networking opportunities (e.g. participation in discussion fora and workshops-national international), certificates and other awards and Validate traditional knowledge systems and integrate into the EBA Quantifying changes in ecosystem services and to inform policy and stimulate appropriate action. 2nd Africa EbA for food security conference 2015 | Nairobi - Kenya | 30 – 31 July 2015 Suggestions for future research The reasons for low adoption of conservation agriculture and other technologies Impacts of climate change on birds Quantifying ecosystem services benefits: Upstream, middle course and basin What opportunities are provided by climate change in the basin? Renewable energy technologies, Climate proofing, Technologies and practices proofing, Policy Research- generating evidence, THANK YOU!!! [email protected]