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Download anatomy Chapter 7 muscular system outline
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Chapter 7 muscular system Types of muscles 1.smooth muscle 2.cardiac muscle 3.skeletal muscle Muscular system Three primary functions: Structure of muscle fasciclesEndomysium- PerimysisumDeep fasciaTendon- Movement -motor impulses- Motor unitNeuromuscular junctionsynapsesynaptic cleftmotor end plate- Contractions contractilityactinmyosin-actin and myosin are present in alternating bundles in a muscle cell and they overlap Sarcomere- Myosin heads At rest- Motion- 1.acetylcholine(Ach) is released from a neuron ending into the synaptic cleft at the neuromuscular junction 2.Ach binds to the muscle’s motor end plate and produces an action potential 3.The action potential travels to the SR 4.SR releases calcium into the cytoplasm 5.Calcium shifts troponin and tropomyosin so that binding sites on actin are expose 6.mysosin heads bind to actin, forming cross-bridges 7.Mysosin heads pull actin filaments together within the sarcomeres and the cell shortens 8.ATP is used to detach myosin heads and move them back to position for another power stroke 9.mulscles relaxes when stimulation ends and the calcium is pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum Energy sources MyoglobinGlycogenCreatine phosphateOxygen consumption Training Aerobic exerciseResistance training- VasodilationTypes of muscle contractions Muscle tone-muscle’s partially contracted state due to using muscles regularly so they do not become flabby 1.isontonic contractions2.isometric contractions- Mechanics of muscle movement OriginInsertion- -when a muscle contraction, it pulls on both attachment points bringing the more movable insertion closer to the origin causing movement of the body part -prime mover-muscle that causes movement Antagonist- SynergistPhysics and the muscular system Skeletal muscle groups Characteristics -location-is it lateral, medical, internal, or external -size-is it maximus, major, minor, longus, or brevis -shape-is it orbicularis, deltoid(triangle), trapezius -direction of fibers-is it rectus(straight), or oblique(angled) -number o fheades(biceps, triceps, quadriceps) -is it a flexor, extensor, adductor, abductor, or levator Muscles of the head Orbiularis muscles(orbit), orbicularis oculi(eyes), with antagonists such as the levator palpebrae superioris which help lift upper eylides orbicularis oris(lips), with antagonists such as the levator palpebrae superioris which help lift upper eyelids, buccinators(cheek), temporalis and masseter(jaw), intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of tongue Muscles of neck Sternocleidomastoid-moves neck, part of the trapezius muscle Muscles that move shoulder and arm Trapezius(shoulders), latissimus dorsi(arms), pectoralis major(arm),serratus aneterior(scapula), deltoid(arm)rotator cuff(shoulder)assisted by four deep muscles and tendons Muscles that move forearm and hand Becips brachii,, brachialis, brachioradialis, triceps brachii, flexor carpi and extensor carpi (hand movments), flexor digitorum and extensor digitorum(fingers) Muscles of respiration Diaphram, intercostals muscles Muscles of abdomen and pelvis External oblique, internal oblique, transverses abdominis, rectus abdominis, levator ani Deep muscles of back Erector spinae Muscles that move thigh and leg Gluteus maximus and gluteus medias(butt), iliopsoas, adductor muscles(thigh), Sartorius, gracilis;, quadriceps femoris, hamstring muscles Muscles that move the foot Achilles tendon(largest tendon in body)tibialis anterior, peroneus longus Aging and muscles
