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Chapter 13.1
The Non-Living Environment
Environmental Factors
•Biotic Factors
–Features of the environment that are _____________ or were once alive
–Biotic means __________________
•Abiotic Factors
–________________physical features of the environment
–Abiotic factors include ________, water, ____________, sunlight,
________________________, and climate
–These factors __________________ which kinds of living organism can live
there
Abiotic Factors
•Air
–Invisible and _________________
–Called the a______________________
–Contains _____% nitrogen, _______% Oxygen, _____% argon, ______%
Carbon Dioxide and trace amounts of other gases
–Plants use _______along with _______ and Sunlight in Photosynthesis to make
sugar
•Give off _____________into the atmosphere
–All organisms carry out _______________in their cells to obtain energy needed
for life
–Respiration is a process to release ___________stored in the food that we eat
–In respiration cells take in __________n from the atmosphere and release
Carbon Dioxide
•Water
–Essential for _________ on earth
–Major ingredient of the __________ inside the cells of all organism
–Most organisms are composed of _____________water
–Many life function need water to take place, for example, _____________,
digestion, and __________________
•Soil
–Mixture of minerals and rock particles, the remains of___________________,
_____________________, and ____________________.
–Topmost portion of the earths ____________________
–Supports ______________________growth
–Formed from the breaking up of _________________ into tiny particles
–Contains many _____________________and the decaying remains of dead
organisms
–Life includes: ______________, fungi, _________________ and
_______________
–Soil contains different combination of ______________,__________________
and ______________(decaying matter)
–Type of soil presents has an important role of what type and how much
________________________is found
•Sunlight
– Sunlight is the energy for all _____________________
–During photosynthesis, ________________convert light energy into chemical
energy
–Energy from the _______is passed on to consumers when they eat producers
•Temperature
–Sunlight supplies ____________energy as well as light energy
–Most organisms can only survive if their body temperature stays within the
range of ______* ans _______* C
–Some organism have adapted to live in climates below and above these temp.
•_________________, and ______________
–Temperature depends on how much _____________________an area gets
–Areas located at _______________farther from the equator tend to have colder
temperatures
•Receive less of the _____________________than equatorial areas
•Equator gets ______________________
•At poles sunlight strikes earth at angles and energy is spread out over a
________________________________
–Elevation (distance above se_____________________) affects temperature
–Higher elevations the atmosphere is_____________________, meaning fewer
________________________________to be heated by the sun
–Therefore, temperature will be _____________________
–At higher elevation, trees are ____________________and the ground is rocky
–Above ___________________________(the elevation beyond which trees do
not grow) plant life is limited to low-growing plants
–Some mountain tops are covered with __________________all year around
•Climate
–Refers to an areas _____________________weather conditions over time,
including temperature, rainfall or other precipitation, and wind
–______________________________and_______________________________
_ are the most important components for living things
–Amount of precipitation and average temperature influence the type of
______________in the area
–Wind
•As temperature increase the molecules in the air spread farther apart,
making warm air ___________________________then cold air
•Cold air __________________below warm air and pushes it upward
•These motions create ______________________that are called wind
–The rain Shadow Effect
•Presence of mountains can affect _______________patterns
•As ____________________move over a mountain range it cools
•As air cools the _______________________at carries falls as rain or
snow
•By the time the air mass crosses over the mountain it has lost all its
___________________________________
•This results in the other side of the mountain getting very little or no
______________________________
Cycles in Nature Sec 2
•Water Cycle
–_________________- takes place when liquid water changes into water vapor (gas) and
enters the atmosphere
•Water evaporates from _________, streams, _______________ and oceans
•Water vapor enters the atmosphere from plants through a process of
________________
•Animals release water vapor when they ______________________
–Condensation
•Water vapor in the atmosphere eventually comes into contact with
_________________
•Water vapor cools and changes back into ____________form (condensation)
•Water vapor condenses on particles of dust in the air, forming tiny ________
–Clump together to form clouds
•Once they become to heavy they fall as __________________________
Water Uses
•Homes and Business –__________________million gallons/day
•Industry and Mining –_____________________million gallons/day
•Farms and Ranches- _______________________million gallons/day
•Electricity Production- _______________________Million Gallons/day
Nitrogen Cycle
•Nitrogen is the main ingredient of _________________
–Proteins are required for _____________________________________
•Nitrogen is the most plentiful gas in our atmosphere but most organism cannot
use __________________________________________
•Plants need nitrogen that is been combined with other
____________________________
•Through a process called Nitrogen Fixation, some __________________in the
soil can form the nitrogen compounds that plants need
•Plants absorb nitrogen through ___________________________
•Animals get nitrogen from _____________________plants and other animals
•When dead organism die they return the nitrogen back into the
_______________or __________________________________
•Human activities can affect the ___________________________________
•Growing_______________________ and ________________________ can
remove much of the nitrogen out of the soil without replacing it
•Farms add____________________ to the fields to replace the nitrogen taken out
•Compost and animal ______________________also contain nitrogen
compounds
•Another method Farmers use is called ____________________________
–Farmers grow Nitrogen fixing ______________________
–Nitrogen fixing bacteria live on or in the ___________________of these
plants
–Farmers will grow corn, wheat or potatoes in a field for only
______________ years and then grow a Nitrogen fixing plants for onetwo years
–Nitrogen Fixing Plants include:
Carbon Cycle
•Carbon is important part of soil__________________, and is found in the
atmosphere as __________________________
•Carbon cycle begins when producers remove CO2 to carry out
_______________________
•CO2 is released by organism in the process of _____________________
•Human activities also release CO2 into the environment :
______________________________
•The Amount of CO2 in the Atmosphere is increasing
from______________________, and burning
______________________________
•Extra CO2 could trap heat and cause average temperatures to
__________________________
•Temperatures are increasing at a rate of about _____every 10 years
Energy Flow Sec. 3
•Converting Energy
–Photosynthesis – Converting solar energy into ______________________ (Glucose)
–Respiration-Converting stored ______________into Kinetic energy (energy to do work)
–___________________- Organism that use chemicals to produce energy rich molecules
•Bacteria living near ________________Vents deep in the ocean where there is
no light
•Water near hydrothermal vents are very hot because of contact with
_______________________
•Waters are rich in chemicals such as ______________________
•______________________________living in the vent rely on chemosynthetic
bacteria for nutrients and energy
•Energy Transfer
–Energy can be t____________________ from one organism to another
–Throughout nature energy and matter is transferred from one ________________to
another
–Food Chains
•Shows how matter an __________passes from one organism to another
•_________________are the first step of the food chain
•_____________________or ____________________are the second step
•__________________ or omnivores are the third and higher steps
•Food Webs
–Food webs are made up of many different _______________
–Shows the feeding _______________________ between all organism in the
community
•Energy Pyramids
–The amount of energy available is _______________as you move from one
level to the next
–For example: When a plant absorbs sunlight, it uses some of the energy
to_________, therefore when the plant gets eaten ___________the energy is
passed on
–Animals use energy they obtained to carry out life____________, so when they
get eaten ________energy is passed on
•The same thing happens at every ____________________of a food chain
•An energy _____________shows the amount of energy available at each level
•Bottom level is the_________________, contains all the producers and contains
the most energy
•Only about __________________of the energy available at each level of an
energy pyramid is transferred to the next highest level
•Thus 10 percent of the energy in plants becomes stored in the tissues
of_______________, and 10 percent of the energy in herbivores becomes stored
in the tissues of ________________________