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Chapter 1
Panko and Panko
Business Data Networks and Security, 10th Edition, Global Edition
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Netflix Jumps Into the
Amazon
Messages
Single Networks
Internets
Standards Layers
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*
* depicted as a cloud
Any computer attached to a network is a host.
Servers, PCs, laptops, tablets, smartphones, smart watches, …
Internet of Things (IoT)
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Messages and Addresses
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Step
Action
Example
1
Divide 32 bit IP address
bits into four 8-bit
segments.
0000
0001
0000
0010
0000
0011
0000
0100
2
Convert each segment
from binary to decimal.
1
2
3
4
3
Assemble the segments
in decimal, separated
by dots.
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1.2.3.4
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Servers for Rent!
No Long-Term Contracts
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http://www.idc.hinet.net/vr.html
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IaaS: Infrastructure as a Service
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SaaS: Software as a Service
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Server Owner
Corporate
Data Center
Application Owner
User (Organization) User (Organization)
IaaS
IaaS CSP
User (Organization)
SaaS
SaaS CSP
SaaS CSP
CSP: Cloud Service Provider
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
Traditionally,
◦ The organization owned and operated its own
servers and application programs
◦ It purchased them
◦ This was Infrastructure and software as a product

Cloud Services
◦ No purchase for servers, applications, or both
◦ Pay by amount of use, like electrical service
◦ This is Infrastructure and software as a service
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Metric
Prefix
Meaning
Unabbreviated
Example
kbps
1,000 bps
kilobits per second
33 kbps is 33,000 bps
Mbps
1,000 kbps
megabits per second
3.4 Mbps is
3,400,000 bps
Gbps
1,000 Mbps
gigabits per second
Tbps
1,000 Gbps
terabits per second
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62 Gbps is
62,000,000,000 bps
1.5 Tbps is
1,500,000,000,000 bps
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SI is the International System of Units
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Netflix Jumps Into the Amazon
Messages
Single Networks
Internets
Standards Layers
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
Different single-network standards use
different types of addresses

A common type of single-network address is
the EUI-48 address
◦ EUI stands for extended unique identifier
◦ It is 48 bits long
◦ Used in Ethernet 802.3, Wi-Fi 802.11, and
Bluetooth
◦ However, not all single-network addresses are EUI48 addresses
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
Formerly called a media access control (MAC)
address
◦ Still commonly referred to as MAC addresses

Written as six pairs of number or letter
symbols separated by dashes
◦ Example A1-B2-CC-92-FF-00

Not all single-network addresses follow the
EUI-48 format
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Netflix Jumps Into the Amazon
Messages
Single Networks
Internets
Standards Layers
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
Layered Standards
◦ Often, standards are created in layers, with each
layer supporting the next higher layer
 For example, in driving…
 The soil layer supports the road layer
 The road layer supports the tire layer
 The tire layer supports the body layer
 The body layer supports the driver layer
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
Layering allows specialization
◦ Road engineers do not have to understand tire
standards or body standards in detail
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
Physical Layer Standards
◦ The physical connection between adjacent devices
in a network is a physical link
◦ Govern transmission media and connectors
◦ Govern signaling to transmit ones and zeroes
◦ Layer 1 (L1) standards
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
Data Link Layer (DLL) Standards
◦ The end-to-end path of a frame between the
source and destination host is a data link
◦ Govern frame organization
◦ Govern how forwarding devices (access points,
switches) forward frames over multiple hops
◦ Govern DLL addresses
◦ Layer 2 (L2) standards
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
Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)
◦ The dominant data link layer standard for point-topoint networks
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Netflix Jumps Into the Amazon
Messages
Single Networks
Internets
Standards Layers
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
Different Standards

Overlapping Addresses
◦ Even if the two networks follow the same standard,
a host on one network may have the same DLL
address as a host on the other network.

Link to Connect the Single Network
◦ If the link used the standards of one network, it
would not connect to the other network for the first
two reasons
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Concept
Data Link Layer
Internet Layer
Layer Number
Layer 2 (L2)
Name
Data Link Layer
Main Standard
Various (Ethernet 802.3, Wi-Fi
802.11, PPP, etc.)
Addresses
Data Link Layer addresses
(Often EUI-48 addresses)
Messages
Frames
Packets
Forwarding Devices Switches, Access Points, etc.
Routers
Paths
Routes
Data Links
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Layer 3 (L3)
Internet Layer
IP
IP addresses
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
Fragmentation and placing in an envelope is
generically called packet switching
◦ However, packets are routed
◦ And frames are switched

So technically speaking, packets are never
switched
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Netflix Jumps Into the Amazon
Messages
Single Networks
Internets
Standards Layers
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Num
Name
5
Application
Standardize communication between two application
programs of a certain type.
4
Transport
Fragmentation and other functions.
Internet
Transmit a packet across an internet. Packet
organization, router operation, other things needed to
transmit a packet across a route in an internet.
2
Data Link
Transmit a frame across a single network. Frame
organization, switch and access point operation, and
other things needed to transmit a frame across a data
link in a single network.
1
Physical
Transmission media, plugs and connectors, signaling.
3
Role
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Architecture
Standard agency/agencies
Architecture name
Examples of standards
OSI
TCP/IP
ISO and ITU-T
IETF
OSI
TCP/IP
802.3 Ethernet,
802.11 Wi-Fi,
Optical Fiber
TCP, IP, DNS
Physical (1),
Data Link (2)
Internet (3),
Transport (4)
Layers at which dominant
IETF: Internet Engineering Task Force
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Hardware Components
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Application: Shared Internet Access
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Applications: File and Printer Sharing
within a Home Network
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The Access Router is
far more than a router.
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The ISP’s DHCP server
gives your home a single IP address.
In this case, it is 60.47.243.112.
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Your access router has a DHCP server.
It gives each device in the home
a different IP address.
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Access router’s NAT function translates
between internal and external IP addresses.
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