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Chapter 1 Panko and Panko Business Data Networks and Security, 10th Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. Netflix Jumps Into the Amazon Messages Single Networks Internets Standards Layers Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-2 * * depicted as a cloud Any computer attached to a network is a host. Servers, PCs, laptops, tablets, smartphones, smart watches, … Internet of Things (IoT) Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-3 Messages and Addresses Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-4 Step Action Example 1 Divide 32 bit IP address bits into four 8-bit segments. 0000 0001 0000 0010 0000 0011 0000 0100 2 Convert each segment from binary to decimal. 1 2 3 4 3 Assemble the segments in decimal, separated by dots. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1.2.3.4 1-5 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-6 Servers for Rent! No Long-Term Contracts Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-7 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-8 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-9 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-10 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-11 http://www.idc.hinet.net/vr.html Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-12 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-13 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-14 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-15 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-16 IaaS: Infrastructure as a Service Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-17 SaaS: Software as a Service Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-18 Server Owner Corporate Data Center Application Owner User (Organization) User (Organization) IaaS IaaS CSP User (Organization) SaaS SaaS CSP SaaS CSP CSP: Cloud Service Provider Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-19 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-20 Traditionally, ◦ The organization owned and operated its own servers and application programs ◦ It purchased them ◦ This was Infrastructure and software as a product Cloud Services ◦ No purchase for servers, applications, or both ◦ Pay by amount of use, like electrical service ◦ This is Infrastructure and software as a service Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-21 Metric Prefix Meaning Unabbreviated Example kbps 1,000 bps kilobits per second 33 kbps is 33,000 bps Mbps 1,000 kbps megabits per second 3.4 Mbps is 3,400,000 bps Gbps 1,000 Mbps gigabits per second Tbps 1,000 Gbps terabits per second Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. 62 Gbps is 62,000,000,000 bps 1.5 Tbps is 1,500,000,000,000 bps 1-22 SI is the International System of Units Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-23 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-24 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-25 Netflix Jumps Into the Amazon Messages Single Networks Internets Standards Layers Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-26 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-27 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-28 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-29 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-30 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-31 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-32 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-33 Different single-network standards use different types of addresses A common type of single-network address is the EUI-48 address ◦ EUI stands for extended unique identifier ◦ It is 48 bits long ◦ Used in Ethernet 802.3, Wi-Fi 802.11, and Bluetooth ◦ However, not all single-network addresses are EUI48 addresses Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-34 Formerly called a media access control (MAC) address ◦ Still commonly referred to as MAC addresses Written as six pairs of number or letter symbols separated by dashes ◦ Example A1-B2-CC-92-FF-00 Not all single-network addresses follow the EUI-48 format Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-35 Netflix Jumps Into the Amazon Messages Single Networks Internets Standards Layers Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-36 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-37 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-38 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-39 Layered Standards ◦ Often, standards are created in layers, with each layer supporting the next higher layer For example, in driving… The soil layer supports the road layer The road layer supports the tire layer The tire layer supports the body layer The body layer supports the driver layer Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-40 Layering allows specialization ◦ Road engineers do not have to understand tire standards or body standards in detail Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-41 Physical Layer Standards ◦ The physical connection between adjacent devices in a network is a physical link ◦ Govern transmission media and connectors ◦ Govern signaling to transmit ones and zeroes ◦ Layer 1 (L1) standards Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-42 Data Link Layer (DLL) Standards ◦ The end-to-end path of a frame between the source and destination host is a data link ◦ Govern frame organization ◦ Govern how forwarding devices (access points, switches) forward frames over multiple hops ◦ Govern DLL addresses ◦ Layer 2 (L2) standards Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-43 Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) ◦ The dominant data link layer standard for point-topoint networks Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-44 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-45 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-46 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-47 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-48 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-49 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-50 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-51 Netflix Jumps Into the Amazon Messages Single Networks Internets Standards Layers Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-52 Different Standards Overlapping Addresses ◦ Even if the two networks follow the same standard, a host on one network may have the same DLL address as a host on the other network. Link to Connect the Single Network ◦ If the link used the standards of one network, it would not connect to the other network for the first two reasons Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-53 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-54 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-55 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-56 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-57 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-58 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-59 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-60 Concept Data Link Layer Internet Layer Layer Number Layer 2 (L2) Name Data Link Layer Main Standard Various (Ethernet 802.3, Wi-Fi 802.11, PPP, etc.) Addresses Data Link Layer addresses (Often EUI-48 addresses) Messages Frames Packets Forwarding Devices Switches, Access Points, etc. Routers Paths Routes Data Links Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. Layer 3 (L3) Internet Layer IP IP addresses 1-61 Fragmentation and placing in an envelope is generically called packet switching ◦ However, packets are routed ◦ And frames are switched So technically speaking, packets are never switched Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-62 Netflix Jumps Into the Amazon Messages Single Networks Internets Standards Layers Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-63 Num Name 5 Application Standardize communication between two application programs of a certain type. 4 Transport Fragmentation and other functions. Internet Transmit a packet across an internet. Packet organization, router operation, other things needed to transmit a packet across a route in an internet. 2 Data Link Transmit a frame across a single network. Frame organization, switch and access point operation, and other things needed to transmit a frame across a data link in a single network. 1 Physical Transmission media, plugs and connectors, signaling. 3 Role Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-64 Architecture Standard agency/agencies Architecture name Examples of standards OSI TCP/IP ISO and ITU-T IETF OSI TCP/IP 802.3 Ethernet, 802.11 Wi-Fi, Optical Fiber TCP, IP, DNS Physical (1), Data Link (2) Internet (3), Transport (4) Layers at which dominant IETF: Internet Engineering Task Force Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-65 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-66 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-67 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-68 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-69 Hardware Components © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 70 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 71 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 72 Application: Shared Internet Access © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 73 Applications: File and Printer Sharing within a Home Network © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 74 The Access Router is far more than a router. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 75 The ISP’s DHCP server gives your home a single IP address. In this case, it is 60.47.243.112. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 76 Your access router has a DHCP server. It gives each device in the home a different IP address. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 77 Access router’s NAT function translates between internal and external IP addresses. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 78