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Understanding Human Differences Multicultural Education for a Diverse America 3rd Edition By Kent L. Koppelman Chapter 3 Communication, Conflict, and Conflict Resolution This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: •Any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network •Preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images •Any rental, lease, or lending of the program Understanding Human Differences 3rd Edition - Koppelman Chapter 3 - 0 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc Understanding Human Differences 3rd Edition - Koppelman Chapter 3 - 1 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc Communication & Conflict What is an appropriate definition of INTERPERSONAL communication “A dynamic process of interaction between people in which they assign meaning to each other’s verbal and nonverbal behavior” (Kougl, 1997) Understanding Human Differences 3rd Edition - Koppelman Chapter 3 - 2 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc How does NONVERBAL communication lead to conflict When NONVERBAL signals contradict VERBAL messages, most people respond to the meaning expressed in the NONVERBAL communication Can you think of an example? Understanding Human Differences 3rd Edition - Koppelman Chapter 3 - 3 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc What are other misconceptions about COMMUNICATION Understanding Human Differences 3rd Edition - Koppelman Chapter 3 - 4 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc MISCONCEPTION: Communication is a natural human ability REALITY: Communication is a SKILL that is TAUGHT and is influenced by one’s CULTURE or SUBCULTURE Understanding Human Differences 3rd Edition - Koppelman Chapter 3 - 5 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc MISCONCEPTION: Communication is a good thing and should be encouraged REALITY: Communication is a TOOL that can be used for GOOD or BAD purposes Understanding Human Differences 3rd Edition - Koppelman Chapter 3 - 6 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc MISCONCEPTION: Communication will solve all our problems REALITY: Communication can be used to RATIONALIZE problems and avoid solving them Understanding Human Differences 3rd Edition - Koppelman Chapter 3 - 7 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc MISCONCEPTION: Communications can break down REALITY: Communication continues even when there is no talking (nonverbal messages or getting verbal messages from 3rd parties) Understanding Human Differences 3rd Edition - Koppelman Chapter 3 - 8 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc MISCONCEPTION: Communication competence is equal to communication effectiveness REALITY: Having useful knowledge does not mean that someone can effectively communicate that knowledge Understanding Human Differences 3rd Edition - Koppelman Chapter 3 - 9 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc How does effective COMMUNICATION occur Communication Models illustrate elements of effective communication Understanding Human Differences 3rd Edition - Koppelman Chapter 3 - 10 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc Circular Model of Communication Understanding Human Differences 3rd Edition - Koppelman Chapter 3 - 12 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc What does this communication model suggest about CONFLICT RESOLUTION Understanding Human Differences 3rd Edition - Koppelman Chapter 3 - 12 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc To resolve conflicts, people must go beyond surface communication (words and actions) and identify MOTIVATIONS • attitudes • observations • assumptions • conclusions • judgments Understanding Human Differences 3rd Edition - Koppelman Chapter 3 - 13 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc How can ATTITUDES toward people or groups create CONFLICT Understanding Human Differences 3rd Edition - Koppelman Chapter 3 - 14 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc Cultural Awareness Levels CULTURAL CHAUVINISM Cultural superiority “My Country is the best in the World” Understanding Human Differences 3rd Edition - Koppelman Chapter 3 - 15 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc Cultural Awareness Levels TOLERANCE Nonjudgmental Awareness of differences “I don’t understand those people but we shouldn’t judge them” Understanding Human Differences 3rd Edition - Koppelman Chapter 3 - 16 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc Cultural Awareness Levels MINIMALIZATION Ignores differences to emphasize universal human needs “Let’s not talk about differences but how we are all alike” Understanding Human Differences 3rd Edition - Koppelman Chapter 3 - 17 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc Cultural Awareness Levels UNDERSTANDING Recognizes that one’s reality is shaped by culture Accepts and respects cultural differences “I want to learn about other cultures because they all have something to teach me” Understanding Human Differences 3rd Edition - Koppelman Chapter 3 - 18 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc Communication Style and Conflict What are some communication style differences that are based on CULTURE Understanding Human Differences 3rd Edition - Koppelman Chapter 3 - 19 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc African American Communities • pattern of playful verbal aggression • use of emotion during an argument • contradicts patterns in the dominant culture Understanding Human Differences 3rd Edition - Koppelman Chapter 3 - 20 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc How does GENDER influence communication styles WOMEN show patterns of: • cooperative behaviors • indirect requests These behaviors contradict MALE patterns of communication Understanding Human Differences 3rd Edition - Koppelman Chapter 3 - 21 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc Communication Styles It’s not about being RIGHT or WRONG but about UNDERSTANDING different COMMUNICATION STYLES to avoid MISUNDERSTANDING Understanding Human Differences 3rd Edition - Koppelman Chapter 3 - 22 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc Conflicts often stem from differences of • Race • Gender • Sexual Orientation • Disability Understanding Human Differences 3rd Edition - Koppelman Chapter 3 - 23 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc CONFLICT RESOLUTION With potential for so much misunderstanding, how are conflicts RESOLVED Understanding Human Differences 3rd Edition - Koppelman Chapter 3 - 24 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc VALUES required for CONFLICT RESOLUTION: Fallibility - “I might be wrong” Nonviolence - Rejecting coercive solutions Equality - Respecting everyone’s perspective or opinion Reciprocity - Treating others as I want to be treated Understanding Human Differences 3rd Edition - Koppelman Chapter 3 - 25 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc SKILLS required for CONFLICT RESOLUTION: Being rational – seek best answer based on evidence available Avoiding personal criticism criticize the idea not the person Encouraging contributions from all – ask those who are silent to speak Restating ideas – to ensure everyone correctly heard what was said Focusing on resolution – not a competition but a quest for a solution Understanding Human Differences 3rd Edition - Koppelman Chapter 3 - 26 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc How do people develop MORAL REASONING abilities Understanding Human Differences 3rd Edition - Koppelman Chapter 3 - 27 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc Perry’s Continuum of MORAL REASONING 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Dualism Dualistic Reasoning Relativistic Reasoning Source: Perry, W. (1970). Intellectual and Ethical Development in the College Years: A Scheme. Understanding Human Differences 3rd Edition - Koppelman Chapter 3 - 28 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc Perry’s Continuum of MORAL REASONING DUALISM “Black/white” and “either/or” thinking • Absolute truth • Understanding Human Differences 3rd Edition - Koppelman Chapter 3 - 29 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc Perry’s Continuum of MORAL REASONING 1 2 Dualism 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Multiplicity Dualistic Reasoning Relativistic Reasoning Source: Perry, W. (1970). Intellectual and Ethical Development in the College Years: A Scheme. Understanding Human Differences 3rd Edition - Koppelman Chapter 3 - 30 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc Perry’s Continuum of MORAL REASONING MULTIPLICITY • Still dualistic • Recognizes complexity • Admits we don’t know all the answers Understanding Human Differences 3rd Edition - Koppelman Chapter 3 - 31 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc Perry’s Continuum of MORAL REASONING 1 2 Dualism 3 4 5 Multiplicity 6 7 8 9 Relativism Dualistic Reasoning Relativistic Reasoning Source: Perry, W. (1970). Intellectual and Ethical Development in the College Years: A Scheme. Understanding Human Differences 3rd Edition - Koppelman Chapter 3 - 32 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc Perry’s Continuum of MORAL REASONING RELATIVISM • Truth is personal, people choose what is true for them • What is true for one person may not be true for another Understanding Human Differences 3rd Edition - Koppelman Chapter 3 - 33 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc Perry’s Continuum of MORAL REASONING 1 2 Dualism 3 4 5 Multiplicity 6 7 Relativism Dualistic Reasoning 8 9 Commitment Relativistic Reasoning Source: Perry, W. (1970). Intellectual and Ethical Development in the College Years: A Scheme. Understanding Human Differences 3rd Edition - Koppelman Chapter 3 - 34 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc Perry’s Continuum of MORAL REASONING COMMITMENT • Still relativistic • Making commitments that provide meaning to one’s life • Encouraging others to make similar commitments Understanding Human Differences 3rd Edition - Koppelman Chapter 3 - 35 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc
