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9 Chapter Foundations of Individual Behavior © Pearson Education Limited 2015 9-1 Learning Outcomes • Identify the focus and goals of organizational behavior (OB). • Explain the role that attitudes play in job performance. • Describe different personality theories. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 9-2 Learning Outcomes (cont.) • Describe perception and the factors that influence it. • Discuss learning theories and their relevance in shaping behavior. • Discuss contemporary issues in OB. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 9-3 9.1 Identify the focus and goals of organizational behavior (OB). © Pearson Education Limited 2015 9-4 Organizational Behavior © Pearson Education Limited 2015 9-5 Goals of Organizational Behavior 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Employee productivity Absenteeism Turnover Organizational citizenship behavior Job satisfaction Workplace misbehavior © Pearson Education Limited 2015 9-6 9.2 Explain the role that attitudes play in job performance. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 9-7 Attitudes and Job Performance • • • • Job satisfaction Job involvement Organizational commitment Employee engagement © Pearson Education Limited 2015 9-8 Attitudes and Consistency Cognitive dissonance: Any incompatibility or inconsistency between attitudes or between behavior and attitudes. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 9-9 Understanding Attitudes © Pearson Education Limited 2015 9-10 9.3 Describe different personality theories. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 9-11 Personality Theories Personality: A unique combination of emotional, thought, and behavioral patterns that affect how a person reacts to situations and interacts with others. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 9-12 Big Five Model of Personality The Big Five factors are: 1. Extraversion 2. Agreeableness 3. Conscientious 4. Emotional stability 5. Openness to experience © Pearson Education Limited 2015 9-13 Emotional Intelligence Five dimensions: • Self-awareness • Self-management • Self-motivation • Empathy • Social skills © Pearson Education Limited 2015 9-14 Personality Traits Can personality traits predict practical workrelated behaviors? © Pearson Education Limited 2015 9-15 Matching Personalities and Jobs © Pearson Education Limited 2015 9-16 Personality Traits Across Cultures National cultures differ in terms of the degree to which people believe they control their environment. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 9-17 Understanding Personality 1. Job-person compatibility 2. Understanding different approaches to work 3. Being a better manager © Pearson Education Limited 2015 9-18 9.4 Describe perception and the factors that influence it. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 9-19 Perception © Pearson Education Limited 2015 9-20 Judging Employees © Pearson Education Limited 2015 9-21 Distorted Attributions Fundamental attribution error: The tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the influence of internal factors when making judgments about the behavior of others. Self-serving bias: The tendency for individuals to attribute their successes to internal factors while putting the blame for failures on external factors. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 9-22 Perceptual Shortcuts © Pearson Education Limited 2015 9-23 Understanding Perception 1. Employees react to perception, not reality. 2. The potential for perceptual distortion exists. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 9-24 9.5 Discuss learning theories and their relevance in shaping behavior. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 9-25 Operant Conditioning © Pearson Education Limited 2015 9-26 Social Learning Theory Learning both through observation and direct experience © Pearson Education Limited 2015 9-27 Shaping Behavior 1. 2. 3. 4. Positive reinforcement Negative reinforcement Punishment Extinction © Pearson Education Limited 2015 9-28 Managing Employees’ Learning 1. Watch what you reward. 2. Watch what you do. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 9-29 9.6 Discuss contemporary issues in OB. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 9-30 Contemporary Issues © Pearson Education Limited 2015 9-31 Managerial Challenges © Pearson Education Limited 2015 9-32 Negative Behavior in the Workplace Survey of U.S. Employees: 10% witnessed rudeness daily 20% were targets of incivility at least once/week © Pearson Education Limited 2015 9-33 © Pearson Education Limited 2015 9-34