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MET 112 Global Climate Change Review – Midterm 1 Eugene Cordero San Jose State University 1 MET 112 Global Climate Change Lecture 2 Lecture 3 4 MET 112 Global Climate Change Solar Radiation (Sunlight) Sunlight is primarily made up of the following: – Visible Light (44%) – Infrared Radiation (48%) – Ultraviolet Radiation (7%) Unit: 1 m = 0.000001 m 5 MET 112 Global Climate Change Solar vs. Terrestrial Radiation The sun is much hotter than planets; therefore, sunlight consists of shorter wavelengths than planetary radiation; Thus … 6 MET 112 Global Climate Change 7 MET 112 Global Climate Change Explain what would happen to these energy estimates if the Earth’s albedo was to increase. 9 MET 112 Global Climate Change 10 MET 112 Global Climate Change 11 MET 112 Global Climate Change Some surface radiation escapes to space Most outgoing longwave is absorbed in atmosphere (by greenhouse gases) Longwave radiation is emitted from surface. Some atmospheric radiation escapes to space Greenhouse gases emit longwave upward and downward Some atmospheric radiation is absorbed at the surface Comparison of Earth and Venus Venus Earth Venus is completely covered by highly reflective clouds; Earth is partially covered by clouds. Which planet has a higher albedo? _______________ Venus MET 112 Global Climate Change 13 Lecture 4 Why do we have seasons? 15 MET 112 Global Climate Change Annual Surface Temperature 16 MET 112 Global Climate Change 17 MET 112 Global Climate Change Dry Humid 18 MET 112 Global Climate Change Lecture 5 20 MET 112 Global Climate Change 21 MET 112 Global Climate Change Water freely evaporating and condensing 23 MET 112 Global Climate Change Lecture 6 Temperature Graph Source: http://www.ruf.rice.edu/ ~leeman/aNR.html 25 MET 112 Global Climate Change 26 MET 112 Global Climate Change 27 MET 112 Global Climate Change SOLAR ACTIVITY Sunspots are the most familiar type of solar activity. 28 MET 112 Global Climate Change Earth’s orbit: an ellipse • Perihelion: place in the orbit closest to the Sun • Aphelion: place in the orbit farthest from the Sun 29 MET 112 Global Climate Change Eccentricity: period ~ 100,000 years 30 MET 112 Global Climate Change 31 MET 112 Global Climate Change Precession: period ~ 22,000 years 32 MET 112 Global Climate Change Axis tilt: period ~ 41,000 years 33 MET 112 Global Climate Change 34 MET 112 Global Climate Change Temperature: the last 400,000 year From the Vostok ice core (Antarctica) 35 MET 112 Global Climate Change Lecture 7 Climate Feedbacks Positive feedback: – initial change reinforced by another process. Negative feedback: – initial change counteracted by another process. 37 MET 112 Global Climate Change Lecture 8 The Earth’s history can be characterized by different geologic events or eras. 43 MET 112 Global Climate Change 44 MET 112 Global Climate Change Short Term Carbon Exchanges 45 MET 112 Global Climate Change Silicate-to-Carbonate Conversion Rain 2. Acid Dissolves Silicates (carbonic acid) Land 1. CO2 Dissolves in Rainwater 3. Dissolved Material Transported to Oceans 4. CaCO3 Forms in Ocean and Settles to the Bottom Calcium carbonate MET 112 Global Climate Change 46 Subduction Definition: The process of the ocean plate descending beneath the continental plate. During this processes, extreme heat and pressure convert carbonate rocks eventually into CO2 47 MET 112 Global Climate Change Organic Carbon Burial Process O2 CO2 Removed by PhotoSynthesis CO2 Put Into Atmosphere by Decay C C Some Carbon escapes oxidation C Result: Carbon into land 48 MET 112 Global Climate Change Oxidation of Buried Organic Carbon Atmosphere CO2 O2 C Buried Carbon Result: Carbon into atmosphere (CO2) 49 MET 112 Global Climate Change The Long-Term Carbon Cycle (Diagram) Subduction/ Volcanism Atmosphere (CO2) Ocean (Dissolved CO2) Biosphere (Organic Carbon) Silicate-toCarbonate Conversion Carbonates Organic Carbon Burial Oxidation of Buried Organic Carbon Buried Organic Carbon 50 MET 112 Global Climate Change 51 MET 112 Global Climate Change 52 MET 112 Global Climate Change Lecture 9 Gaia Hypothesis (proposed in late 70’s) Life collectively has a significant effect on earth’s environment Atmosphere-Biosphere interactions are Dominated by negative feedback Goes beyond simple interactions amongst biotic and abiotic factors Evolution of life and Evolution of its environment are intertwined Life optimizes the abiotic environment to best meet biosphere’s needs Biosphere can be modeled as a single giant organism 54 MET 112 Global Climate Change With Daisies Temperature 80 - • 40 - • • • • • ••• Daisies 5- • • 2 billion years -20 - Solar Luminosity (Time) • •