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Chapter 15 Human Nutrition Nutrition • All the activities by which an organism obtains and uses food for growth and repair of cells Nutrients • The substances in food that an organism needs and uses for its life functions Function of Nutrients 1. They act as a fuel to provide energy for the life activities of cells 2. They supply chemicals needed for growth and repair of cells 3. They regulate the metabolic processes needed for the proper functioning of the cell Nutritional requirements vary with an individuals: age sex activities Six Types of Nutrients 1. Carbohydrates 2. Proteins 3. Lipids 4. Vitamins 5. Minerals 6. Water Carbohydrates • Main source of energy for body functions Ex: bread, pasta, and fruits • There are 4 calories in each gram of carbohydrate. Lipids • Supply of energy • Part of cell membrane • Storage form of excess food in the body Ex: butter, bacon, and nuts Proteins • Used for growth and repair of body tissue Ex: meat, milk , eggs, and fish Water • Solvent in which chemical reactions take place • Aids in the transport of materials in the body Minerals • Make up the body structures Ex: calcium- make up bone and teeth iron- part of hemoglobin (red blood cells) Vitamins • Needed for normal metabolism Ex: vegetables, fruits, and meats • Carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids need to be digested by the body in order to be absorbed into the blood • Vitamins, minerals, and water do not need to be digested and are easily absorbed into the blood calorie vs.Calorie • calorie:unit used for measuring amounts of heat energy. 1calorie is defined as the amount of heat that will raise the temperature in 1gram of water 1 degree C. • Calories (upper)are used to measure the amount in food. • SO 1 Calorie=1000 calories Body Mass Index calculation http://www.fatburn.com/default_g.asp?ad_code=calorie Recommended Daily Calories For Men Middle Age Group With Moderate Activity : 5'4 119-155 2,548 5'5 133-160 2,596 5'6 127-164 2,644 6'0 151-193 2,932 6'1 155-198 2,980 6'2 159-203 3,028 5'7 5'8 5'9 5'10 6'3 6'4 6'5 6'6 131-169 135-174 139-179 143-184 2,692 2,740 2,788 2,836 5'11 147-188 2,884 ings/villa/6581/calories.html 163-208 167-212 171-217 175-222 3,076 3,124 3,172 3,220 Recommended Daily Calories For Women Middle Age Group With Moderate Activity : 4'11 90-120 2,100 5'0 93-124 2,133 5'1 97-128 2,177 5'2 100-132 2,210 5'3 104-137 2,254 5'4 107-140 2,287 5'5 111-145 2,331 5'6 114-149 2,364 5'7 118-154 2,408 5'8 121-157 2,441 5'9 125-162 2,485 5'10 128-166 2,518 5'10 128-166 2,518 5'11 132-170 2,562 6'0 135-174 2,595 6'1 139-178 2,639 6'2 142-182 2,672 Fast Food Nutritional Info http://www.geocities.com/hotsprings/villa/6581/fastfood.html Whopper w.Cheese Vanilla Shake – Super Size Fries Diet Coke Supposed to be: 760 CAL. small 360 CAL 540 CAL 0 CAL 2644 CAL Fast Food Nutritional Info http://www.geocities.com/hotsprings/villa/6581/fastfood.html Cheese Pizza 380 Cal Regular Slice Sausage Pizza 495 Cal Regular Slice Pepperoni Pizza 427 CAL Supposed to be: 2644 CAL Digestive Tract • Also known as the GI tract • Consists of a one-way digestive tract • Food is moved through the tract by slow, rhythmic muscular contractions called peristalsis Answers (I) Sequence (way food travels) oral cavity (mouth) esophagus stomach small intestine large intestine rectum anus toilet 1. Oral Cavity • Ingestion of food • Teeth are used in the mechanical breakdown of food which serves to increase surface area for enzyme action • Carbohydrate digestion begins in the mouth by enzymes secreted from the salivary glands Ex: amylase 1. Oral Cavity • salivary glands Ex: amylase 2. Esophagus • Connects mouth to stomach • Peristaltic action of the esophagus moves food to the stomach 3. Stomach • Lining of the stomach contains gastric glands that secrete gastric juice • This gastric juice contains enzymes and hydrochloric acid • Protein digestion begins here 3. Stomach • Lining of the stomach contains gastric glands that secrete gastric juice Gastric Bypass Surgery Gastric Bypass Surgery 4. Small Intestine • Carbohydrate, protein, and lipid digestion is completed here • Nutrient absorption occurs in the small intestine • Structures like the gall bladder and pancreas secrete enzymes into the small intestine for digestion 4. Small Intestine Gall Bladder • Bile is produced in the liver and stored in the gall bladder • Bile is secreted by the gall bladder into the small intestine for emulsification • Emulsification- the breakdown of fats Pancreas • Located near the stomach • For digestive purposes, the pancreas secretes: protease- breakdown of proteins lipase- breakdown of lipids (fats) 5. Large Intestine • Water absorption only • NO nutrient absorption occurs here • Undigested material is known as feces • The large intestine passes the feces into the rectum 5. (the quest for Polyps) • Colonoscopy: 5. Large Intestine ( Colon Polyps_) • Polyps are small growths on the inner colon lining that look like warts. 5. Removal Colon Polyps_) 6. Rectum Temporarily stores the feces 7. Anus Opening through which feces passes out of the body (Egestion) (II) Nutrient Absorption • Takes place in the small intestine • Chemical digestion in humans is accomplished by Hydrolysis and the use of enzymes End Products of Digestion Proteins amino acids Carbohydrates glucose Lipids fatty acids + glycerol • The end products of digestion are absorbed in the small intestine by finger-like projections called villi Villus • Lacteal- absorption of fatty acids and glycerol • Capillary networkabsorption of glucose and amino acids Roughage • Is an indigestible material in food that provides bulk, which stimulates the muscles of the digestive tube and thus keeps food moving through it. sources: fruits, vegetables, and grains. Lack of roughage in the diet is one cause of constipation. Disorders of the Digestive Tract Anorexia Nervosa • A condition in which there is a severe loss of weight accompanied by symptoms of nutritional deficiencies. • Psychological condition where a person is unable to take or retain food due to an excessive concern about obesity Ulcers an erosion of the surface of the digestive tract associated with pain, nausea, and vomiting. Constipation To much water is absorbed by/in the large intestine. Also can exist due to lack of roughage. Diarrhea Decreased water absorption and increased peristaltic activity of large intestine. Results in an increased, multiple, watery feces. Appendicitis An inflammation of the appendix. Usually feces that infects the appendix. Appendicitis Normal Infected Gallstones An accumulation of hardened cholesterol deposits in the gall bladder. Dats-all-folks