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Renaissance Theatre in Italy The Italian Renaissance (late 1300’s-1600’s ) • Cultural center of Europe was Italy. • Renaissance means rebirth – This theme reflected renewed interest in classics and Greece and Roman culture – Advancement in all Arts, Science and learning during this time • Theatre gets closer to our modern styles • Merchants sponsored artists – System of financial support was called patronage • Topics/subjects from the religious to human activity rather than divine. • A change in philosophy called humanism. Renaissance = Rebirth • Historians in 1800’s believed learning had stopped during the Middle Ages and came back in the 1300-1400’s and named the period the Renaissance. • Historians now disagree on this point and whether there was a rebirth or perhaps there were several rebirths. Italian Theatre • Medieval Italian Theatre depended on portable stages • The Ten Books of Architecture, written c. 16-13 BCE by Vitruvius, was rediscoverd in a monastery in Switzerland. Included plans for Greek inspired Roman Theatre • Led to the building of new theatres and eventually the Olympic Theatre in Vicenza. Neo-classical ideas • Renaissance rules of writing drama influences drama for 200 years. • Rules came from a mistaken understanding of what was meant by the rediscovered Greek & Roman playwrights (Aristotle). • Renaissance writers created plays and copied stories and themes from the Greek and Roman plays. Ideals • Renaissance philosophy demanded all characters be recognizable and verifiable from real life – Unity of time- action doesn’t over more than 24 hours of time. – Unity of place- all action takes place in one location. – Unity of action- plot has only one story line (no subplots). • This wasn’t followed universally. • Particularly and England and Spain, these ideals were ignored What changed in terms of space and styles of theatre decoration? • 1. Visual arts had developed during this time, having a major effect on imagery in theatre – Illusion of depth /perspective painting. – Images were no longer flat. – Architecture, theatre building changed. Lorenzetti Bonaventura Berlinghieri, St Francis of Assisi, 1235 • Van Eyke Vanishing Point Perspective • Made it possible to draw buildings, trees, and figures on to backdrops with perspective and the correct proportions. • The illusion of reality was being developed. What was the Proscenium arch? • Proscenium arches or picture from opening around stage spaces • Oldest example is in Vicenza, Italy the Teatro Olimpico completed 3000 people stage has a permanent facade • Doorways build into wall w/deep hallways giving the illusion of deep interior spaces. Olympic Theatre Permanent facades were not flexible. • Painted scenery could be shifted to reveal new sets behind them. • Painted flats/canvases allowed for changes. • 1st theater with proscenium stage was Teatro Farnes in Parma, Italy in 1618. Proscenium Arch Theatre • Completed in 1618, Teatro Farnese was the first theatre with a proscenium arch. • Horseshoe auditorium held about 3500 people Teatro Farnes What changed when scenery was introduced? • Multiple settings behind each other for changes requires that there be more backstage space for scenery and equipment. • Renaissance stages therefore became deeper. What were the standard settings in these plays? – Tragedies (streets of a wealthy Reuse of standard styles of settings – neighborhood) – Comedies (streets of a lower-class homes) – Pastoral plays (Countryside cottages) • Intermezzi- short pieces depicting mythological tales presented between acts • Thematically related to main play What is Commedia dell’arte? • A form of improvisational theater that began during the renaissance in Italy. • Troupes of actors toured the Italian country-sides. • They performed using stock characters. • Dialogue was improvised following a basic outline but there were no script. Who were the stock characters in Commedia dell’arte? • male characters members of this group are – – – – Pantalone, Il Dottore Il Capitano. Called vecchio - means "old one" or simply "old" in Italian. • They are overwhelmingly the antagonists, opposing the love of the innamorati Who were the stock characters in Commedia dell’arte? • Arlechinno /Harlequin was a clever prankster Who were the stock characters in Commedia dell’arte? • Punchinello- was a malicious servant • Innamorato, Inamorata- Young hero/heroine • Fontesca-serving maid • Zanni- male servants • All were identified by their half masks or costumes Why is this important? • The stock characters of the Commedia dell’arte influenced the archetypes used in other works. Taking Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet as an example: – – – – – – – Nurse = Fontesca Friar Lawrence, Balthazar, Benvolio = Zanni Mercutio= Archelinno/Harlequin Tybalt=Punchinello Capulet= Vecchio- Il Pantalone Paris= Vecchio- Il Capitano Romeo and Juliet= Inamorati Lazzo (lazzi) • Improvised scenes in commedia – Arlecchino, a zanni (comic servant) and cherries Women and Commedia • Evidence shows women were part of the troupe • May have been married into the troupe • May not have had equal status Female stock characters – Wives – Innamoratas/lovers – Ingenues- young innocent, naïve young women – Servants – Mistresses – Wantons Elizabethan England • Powerful English Ruler Queen Elizabeth I – ruled for 45 years, 1588-1603 – language literature and the arts flourished due to her patronage. • Acting changed from amateur to professional status • Playwrights now had a stable experienced group of performers for whom to write more detailed and complicated plays. • Permanent theatres built • All classes could attend performances What was theatre-going like in Elizabethan England? • Previous policy by church viewed all nonreligious theater as evil. • City of London didn’t permit theatre buildings to be erected inside the city limits. • Theatres were then built across the Thames river in a suburb of London. Flags flying atop a theatre • Signified a play was being given – White= comedy – Black= tragedy – Red= History The Globe theatre where Shakespeare’s plays were presented • Elizabethan theatres were circular or octagonal structures of three stories with an open roof • Theater had a raised platform stage that would be surrounded by the audience on the three sides It was closer to a contemporary thrust stage than a proscenium arch stage being used in Italy at the same time How did plays in England differ from those in Italy at the same time in history? • • • • • No neoclassical ideals. Dramas structured in a series of scene Changes of location. This influenced the use of stage space in England . Little use of scenery, – entrances and exits signified a change of scene – A piece of furniture suggested the location of the next scene – Characters would speak/announce the change of location called “spoken décor” Noted feature of Elizabethan Drama • Use of poetry • William Shakespeare considered the most important playwright during this period Iambic Pentameter • Iambic pentameter • 2 syllables to each beat, 5 beats per line • 10 syllables in each line, stress put on the 2nd beat • Sonnets Macbeth • Is this a dagger which I see before me, • The handle toward my hand? Come, let me clutch thee. • I have thee not, and yet I see thee still. William Shakespeare • “All the world’s a stage and all the men and women merely players; they have their exits and entrances; and one man in his time plays many parts, his acts being seven ages” -As you like it -William Shakespeare http://internetshakespeare.uvic.ca/Library/SLT/life/lifesubj+ 1.html • Awareness of human nature Biographical Info • b. 1564 in Stratford upon Avon to John and Mary Shakespeare 1 of 8 children. • Married in 1582 to Anne Hathaway – Has three children Susanna, Hamnet and Judith. • 1587- left to go to London, – member of Lord Chamberlain's men – became a shareholder in the company – helped finance/part owner of the Globe theatre • 1613 Globe theatre burned down – Shakespeare retired to Stratford • d. 1616 @ age 52 What was Shakespeare’s body of work? • 154 sonnets • 38 plays ? • (There is some argument here) – Tragedies/Comedies/Histories/Fantasies – Apocrypha – plays said to be written by Shakespeare but actually written by someone else; Thomas Middleton. – Lost Plays – Ex. Loves Labour Won List of plays Comedies • All's Well That Ends Well • As You Like It • The Comedy of Errors • Love's Labour's Lost • Measure for Measure • The Merchant of Venice • The Merry Wives of Windsor • A Midsummer Night's Dream • Much Ado About Nothing • Pericles, Prince of Tyre • The Taming of the Shrew • The Tempest • Twelfth Night • The Two Gentlemen of Verona • The Two Noble Kinsmen • The Winter's Tale Tragedies • Romeo and Juliet • Coriolanus • Titus Andronicus • Timon of Athens • Julius Caesar • Macbeth • Hamlet • Troilus and Cressida • King Lear • Othello • Antony and Cleopatra • Cymbeline Histories •King John, Richard II, •Henry IV part 1, Henry IV part 2, •Henry V, Henry VI part 1, Henry VI part 2, Henry VI part 3, •Richard III, Henry VIII Other Works attributed to Shakespeare Poems • Shakespeare's Sonnets • Venus and Adonis • The Rape of Lucrece • The Passionate Pilgrim • The Phoenix and the Turtle • A Lover's Complaint Lost plays • Love's Labour's Won • Cardenio Apocrypha • Arden of Faversham • The Birth of Merlin • Locrine • The London Prodigal • The Puritan • The Second Maiden's Tragedy • Sir John Oldcastle • Thomas Lord Cromwell • A Yorkshire Tragedy • Edward III • Sir Thomas More Controversies • Did Shakespeare really write all the plays attributed to him ? – It is accepted that he had borrowed stories from source history but made them his own/ • Shakespeare wrote sonnets to both a man, his patron, and a mysterious Dark Lady. • Was Shakespeare’s identity lifted by a group of collaborators? Or one person who’s status would be jeopardized?