Download Middle Ages Renaissance

Renaissance
&
Reformation
Impact of the Crusades
• A major results of the Crusades, includes an increase
in trade. European interest in goods from the east
was stimulated by returning Crusaders who brought
back many things. As the Crusades ended, ships that
were once used to carry soldiers to the Middle East,
now carried trade goods. Merchants from rich
Italian city states, such as Venice and Florence,
dominated this trade.
Trade Fairs and Growth of Cities
• Along the trade routes, trade fairs were established
in towns with larger populations, or at major
crossroads. Merchants and craftsman settled in
these towns, and some grew to be cities of several
thousand people. This fundamentally altered the
way people lived in Europe, and marked the
beginning of the end of feudalism as serfs began to
pay their feudal obligations with cash instead of
service. An economy based on money, not barter
emerged.
The Black Death
The bubonic plague was a highly infectious disease
spread by the fleas on rats. Rats were common in the
cities of this time.
This particular outbreak first appeared in China In the
early 1300’s with deaths of about 35 million Chinese.
It was a global epidemic that that spread through the
increased trade between counties.
Between 1347 and 1353, the plague killed one person
out of every three in Europe, over 25 million.
Middle Ages
Feudal System
Renaissance
Middle class, merchants
Manors
Trade/money/lending/
banking/insurance
Church is all knowing
Questioned church
practices
Focus on the Afterlife
Celebrate life/Enjoy the
Present/ Humanism
Focus on Group
Focus on Individual
The Renaissance
• Renaissance means “rebirth”. It was a golden age in
the arts, literature and sciences.
• During the Middle ages, philosophers and writers
were concerned with life after death.
• Instead of the medieval preoccupation of life after
death, a new way of thinking, Humanism, focused on
life in the present and emphasized individual
achievements.
• Ancient knowledge was rediscovered and the
Classical period of the Greeks and Romans were
glorified.
Why Italy?
Urban Centers
–
–
–
–
Large city-states in northern Italy
Cities – breeding ground for intellectual revolution
Cities – Florence, Milan
Thriving centers of trade and manufacturing
Wealthy Merchant Class
– Merchants – wealthiest, most powerful class & dominated politics
– Had $ to pursue other interests – Arts/education
– Medici Family –
Cosimo de’ Medici – Influenced the ruling council (loans))
Lorenzo de’ Medici – behind the scene dictator
– Classical Heritage
– Return to Greek and Roman ideals
– Arts and scholars – inspired by ruins of Rome
– 1300’s = Latin and Greek manuscripts studied
New Outlook/Attitude
Classical - Worldly
• Patrons of Arts
– Church – spent $$$ beautifying Rome
– Wealthy families – supported artists
• Renaissance Man
– Ideal individual strove to master all areas of study
– “universal man”
• Renaissance Woman
– Inspire but not create art
– Less influential than middle age women
Renaissance Art
• Some of the greatest paintings, sculptures,
and architecture in the history of the world.
• Greek and Romans styles were used for
columns, arches, and domes.
• Artists were supported by merchants, popes
and princes.
• Art was detailed, realistic, and reflected study
of human anatomy
Michelangelo
Leonardo da Vinci
Literary Achievements
• Dante Wrote the Divine
Comedy
• Cervantes wrote Don
Quixote
• Shakespeare wrote
many plays and poetry
• Machiavelli wrote The
Prince
Scientific achievements
Galileo Galilei
was an Italian physicist, mathematician,
astronomer, and philosopher who played a major
role in the scientific revolution. His achievements
include improvements to the telescope.
Galileo has been called the "father of science“.
He supported the idea that the sun was the center
of our solar system, which went against the
teachings of the church at the time. He was tried
for heresy and put under house arrest for the rest
of his life. He died in 1642.
The Catholic Church apologized to Galileo in 1992.
Impact of Printing Press
• By 1300 papermaking and
print technology had
reached Europe from
China.
• The invention of moveable
type led Gutenberg to print
the Bible in 1456.
• Books became more
available
• Literacy increased
• Ideas spread rapidly
Causes of Reformation
• The Renaissance. Humanism led people to question
Church authority as increasing faith was put in
human reason.
• Strong Monarchs. A weakened church meant strong
national monarchs could increase their power.
• Problems within the church. Corruption among
church leaders. Increased fees for marriage, baptism
and indulgences for the pardon of sins.
Protestantism
• In 1517 a German monk, named Martin Luther
posted his famous 95 Theses against indulgences.
• Promoted radical idea that faith in God alone, not
the Pope granted pardon for sins.
• Sparked Protestant Reformation.
• Followers of Luther’s beliefs were called Lutherans
and---eventually----Protestants, because they
protested Papal authority.
• A French priest, John Calvin, an influential reformer
who also preached predestination started another
protestant movement.
Martin Luther and John Calvin
• Ideas spread to
Northern Germany and
Scandinavia
• Ideas spread to France,
Germany, Holland,
England and Scotland
“Unless I am convicted by scripture and plain reason,
I do not accept the authority of the popes and councils,
for they have contradicted each other,
my conscience is captive to the Word of God.
I cannot and I will not recant anything
for to go against conscience is neither right nor safe.
God help me. Amen.”
Counter Reformation
• A reform movement also took place in the Catholic
Church.
• The purpose was to strengthen the Catholic Church
and keep Catholics from converting to Protestantism
• 1545 Council of Trent reaffirmed Catholic beliefs and
worked to end abuses
• Ignatius Loyola founded the Jesuits. Jesuit
missionaries helped spread Catholism around the
world
Effects of Reformation
• Formation of Protestant Churches
• Loss of religious and political unity in Western
Europe
• Religious conflicts sparked wars among the
European states for over 100 years
• Anti-Semitism. Religious persecution
increased, especially against Jews.
• Witch Hunts
Summary
• From the late Middle Ages feudalism continued to
decline as kings, nobles and the Church struggled for
power. A growing population and increase in trade
led to a commercial revolution in Europe and a
growing middle class. The Renaissance sparked a
new way of looking at the world and the printing
press helped new ideas such as the Reformation
continue to challenge the old order. Nations began to
unite under strong monarchs and nation states
emerged.