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Advanced networking in Latin America and the CLARA initiative LISHEP 2004 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil February 2004 Michael Stanton CLARA Technical Committee Rede Nacional de Ensino e Pesquisa do Brasil - RNP [email protected] A Brief Story of Networking in Latin America • Political, linguistic and cultural considerations have traditionally led to considerable interaction between countries within the region However, networking has not followed this model: • First connections (BITNET) starting 1986 using satellite links between the US and each country separately • Same topology inherited with transition to Internet • Even multilateral initiatives (RedHUCyT in mid 90s and AMPATH from 2001) have used traffic hubs in the US. Michael Stanton - LISHEP 2004 2 First global conections from LA countries Two “classical” phases of connectivity: • e-mail networks (BITNET, UUCP) • full Internet (IP) connectivity • Table shows the dates of the first connections for each LA NREN (National Research and Education Network) MX CL BR NI UY PY VE AR CR e-mail 86 86 88 88 88 89 90 90 90 IP 89 92 91 94 94 95 92 93 93 CO EC PE BO CU PA GT SV HN e-mail 90 91 91 91 91 92 92 94 94 IP 94 92 94 95 96 94 95 96 95 Michael Stanton - LISHEP 2004 3 Michael Stanton - LISHEP 2004 4 Influence of telecommunications infrastructure • Until very recently, the only available telecom infrastructure for data communication was by satellite – cost independent of distance – no incentive for establishing links within the region, as all countries were mainly interested in access to global Internet • Recent important changes (since late 1990s): – end of state telecom monopoly in many countries • competition and lower prices • most LA NRENs replaced by commodity IP providers (for economic or political reasons) – building out of new infrastructure based on submarine fibre optical cables Michael Stanton - LISHEP 2004 5 Optical cable infra-structure • Advances in optical transmission technologies have recently made it possible to build very long distance undersea communications systems based on DWDM • In the late 1990s, several new DWDM (Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing) cable systems were built, vastly increasing the installed capacity • Principal new undersea cable operators in Latin America: – Global Crossing – Telecom Italia – Sparkle – Telefonica International Wholesale Services - TIWS (E-mergia) – New World Networks (ARCOS cable) Michael Stanton - LISHEP 2004 6 New Optical Cables in Latin America to New York to California Miami San Juan, Puerto Rico E-mergia (TIWS) Global Crossing & TI Sparkle Global Crossing ImpSat Transandino UniSur Michael Stanton - LISHEP 2004 7 New cables in the Caribbean (Maya & Arcos) North Miami 309km 474km 271km Cat Island 319km 521km Maya Crooked Island Cancun 258km 165km Providenciales (Turks & Caicos Islands) 376km Tulum 325km 363km Ladyville Arcos Puerto Plata 291km (festoon) San Juan Punta Cana 294km 241km Trujillo Puerto Puerto 339km Barrios 114km Cortes Puerto Lempira 258km 1006km Puerto Cabezas 279km 372km Bluefields 351km 270km 371km Puerto Limon 301km Maria Chiquita 242km Curacao Willemstad Punto Fijo Riohacha 314km Ustupo Michael Stanton - LISHEP 2004 8 Present Advanced R&E Connectivity in Latin America AmPath • uses Global Crossing • connects AR, BR (2), CL, VE • 45 Mbps (one size fits all) • all connections are point to point from Miami, and thence to Abilene AmPath Mexico • cross-border connections to USA (TX and CA) Michael Stanton - LISHEP 2004 9 Present State of Latin American NRENs Established education and research networks: • With dedicated Advanced R&E connections: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico, Venezuela • Some with dedicated int’l connectivity: Costa Rica, Cuba, Uruguay Education and research networks being re-established (present nat’l/int’l connectivity through commercial ISPs) • Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Panama, Peru, Paraguay, El Salvador No education/research network (most connected to Internet via commercial ISPs): • Nicaragua, Honduras, Dominican Republic, Haiti, rest of Caribbean Michael Stanton - LISHEP 2004 10 Argentina - RETINA (www.retina.ar) - 45 Mbps to AmPath Abundant Medium Narrow •4 with advanced connectivity •8 in the near future •57 with low connectivity Michael Stanton - LISHEP 2004 11 Brazil - RNP (www.rnp.br/en) - - - ATM backbone - 14 nodes - 300 Mbps total b/w FR to other PoPs 15 state networks Aggregate int’l b/w over 500 Mbps (incl. 90 Mbps to AmPath) new RNP backbone in 2004 – 1.8 Gbps total b/w (6x increase) Michael Stanton - LISHEP 2004 12 Brazil – RNP: probable 2004 backbone topology TO PI AC SE AL MG CE MA RO RN MT PE DF MS PB GO BA RJ SP RR STM-4 (622 Mbps) AP ES PR AM PA RS SC Pop already tendered Future tender Michael Stanton - LISHEP 2004 STM-1 (155 Mbps) E3 (34 Mbps) E1 (2 Mbps) 13 Chile - REUNA (www.reuna.cl) Arica - ATM backbone - 10 nodes - 10/60 Mbps - 45 Mbps to AmPath Iquique Iquique uta unap Antofagasta ucn uantof Antofagasta Copiapó uda uda Copiapó La Serena userena La Serena Valparaíso Valparaíso utfsm Santiago Santiago uchile Talca utem utalca Talca umce Concepción udec Con cepción Valdivia reuna Temu co Osorno udp Temuco ubiobio ufro Valdivia uach unap uta ucn uantof uda userena utfsm uchile utem umce udp utalca udec ubiobio ufro uach ulagos ulagos Universidad Arturo Prat Universidad de Tarapacá Universidad Católica del Norte Universidad de Antofagasta Universidad de Atacama Universidad de la Serena Universidad Técnico Federico Santa María Universidad de Chile Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana Universidad Metropolitana de Cs. de la Educación Universidad Diego Portales Universidad de Talca Universidad de Concepción Universidad del BíoBío Universidad de la Frontera Universidad Austral de Chile Universidad de los Lagos Switch de Backbone Switch de Acceso Router de Acceso Michael Stanton - LISHEP 2004 Trama SDH FO Multimodo FO Monomodo 14 Mexico - CUDI (www.cudi.edu.mx) • Internal links at 155 Mbps • 400 Mbps of int’l connectivity Michael Stanton - LISHEP 2004 15 Where do we go from here? • AMPATH´s achievements – Initial boost for Advanced Networking in LA – Stimulus for advanced connectivity inside each country – Motivation for collaborative projects – Connectivity needs, delayed till now due to high costs, being solved BUT • Why does LA communicate internally through Miami? • Why does LA communicate with other parts of the world through the US? Michael Stanton - LISHEP 2004 16 Another paradigm: Pan-European R&E networking • In Europe, global networking also began with direct BITNET and IP links to the US from separate countries • Since the early 1990s great efforts have been invested in pan-European networking, through the creation of a series of regional backbone networks: • These networks have been built and managed by DANTE (Delivering Advanced Networking Technology to Europe), with financing by European NRENs and the EU • Four versions of the pan-European backbone network – EuropaNET (1992-1997) – TEN-34 (1997-1998) – TEN-155 (1998-2001) – GÉANT (2002- ) Michael Stanton - LISHEP 2004 17 TEN-34 • Trans-European Network at 34 Mbps • 20 countries • operational in 1997 • backbone speed inferior to internal NREN links (cost of int’l links) Michael Stanton - LISHEP 2004 18 TEN-155 • Set up after liberalisation and harmonisation of European telecom industry • Much cheaper int’l connectivity within Europe • In some countries liberalisation delayed Michael Stanton - LISHEP 2004 19 GÉANT • First network of the “Bandwidth Age” • 20-fold increase in capacity over TEN-155 for the same cost • Principal connections are 10 and 2.5 Gbps wavelengths • Currently the largest capacity operational IP network in the world Michael Stanton - LISHEP 2004 20 The @LIS iniciative • Through GÉANT, the European R&E community enjoys high bandwidth connectivity with N. America • Initiatives already taken to improve connectivity to AsianPacific, Mediterranean and Latin American regions, with support from the European Commission • @LIS: Alliance for the Information Society (2003-2005) – 62.5 Million Euros for EU-LA on Information Society Issues – 10 Million Euros for Interconnecting Europe & Latin American Researchers Michael Stanton - LISHEP 2004 21 CAESAR: Connecting All European and South American Researchers. European initiative to prepare for the @LIS program • Promote EU-LA connectivity through regional connectivity within LA plus a large pipe to Europe • Participants: DANTE, NRENs of Spain and Portugal • CAESAR Workshop 2002 in Toledo became starting point for CLARA – cooperative organisation for advanced networking in LA – regional network: feasibility study showed that @LIS budget sufficient to establish advanced connectivity to all LA countries • EU has agreed to 80% - 20% cost sharing between EU and LA Michael Stanton - LISHEP 2004 22 • Association of NRENs in LA open to all LA Countries – constituted in Uruguay (like LACNIC) • CLARA is not limited to @LIS/CAESAR time scale and restrictions • Will connect LA to Europe and to other regions • Cost to connect to the backbone will be the same for every country at equal bandwidth • Improve Internet2 connectivity by optimising LA participation in AMPATH Michael Stanton - LISHEP 2004 23 CLARA Members • • • • • • • • • • Argentina Brasil Bolivia (*) Chile Colombia (*) Costa Rica Cuba (*) Dominican Republic (*) Ecuador El Salvador • • • • • • • • • Guatemala Honduras (*) Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Uruguay Venezuela (*) expected future member Michael Stanton - LISHEP 2004 24 Comments about CLARA • CLARA responds to long-standing need for coordination between LA NRENs. • Builds on trust-building already carried out between major partners • Offers support for NREN building in other LA countries by provision of support and int’l connectivity Michael Stanton - LISHEP 2004 26 ALICE project: May 2003 to April 2006 ALICE - América Latina Interconectada Con Europa (2003-2006) • Successor project to CAESAR • Coordinated by DANTE, with participation of NRENs from Italy, France, Spain, Portugal and the CLARA countries, and eventually CLARA itself • February 2003: technical definitions complete • June 2003: Open tender for provisioning of links • March 2004: Link contracts assigned • May 2004: Network operational Notes: • DANTE is the project coordinator and will sign contracts with users and providers • CLARA is expected to represent interests of LA users in the medium term (one year) Michael Stanton - LISHEP 2004 27 Suggested network topology (tender document) • • • Major connectivity between Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Mexico (at least 45 Mbps) Other countries connect to major nodes (between 10 and 45 Mbps) Large pipe to Europe (at least 155 Mbps) Michael Stanton - LISHEP 2004 28 Probable topology of CLARA network Operator A Operator B Operator C Operator D Operator E Bandwidth characteristics: •155 Mbps backbone ring •622 Mbps to Europe •10 to 45 Mbps spur links •satellite link to Cuba Michael Stanton - LISHEP 2004 29 The Digital Divide in Latin America – the cost of access circuits to the CLARA network •The proposed costs of access connections from NRENs to the CLARA backbone were initially extremely high in the case of Central America and Colombia •This has required that these countries’ NRENs negotiate better pricing with their national provider Annual cost for access circuits from CLARA backbone to country point of entry Internal country costs for access circuits 2 Mbps € 347.780 € 1.051.077 10 Mbps € 982.033 € 5.061.526 34 Mbps € 3.310.757 € 9.932.272 Michael Stanton - LISHEP 2004 30 Final comments on the CLARA network • The network will provide connectivity for R&E collaboration traffic (i.e. Internet 2 traffic) within the region and to other regions – Initially connected to GÉANT (Europe) – Expected soon to be connected via Tijuana (MX) to US networks via Los Angeles peering point (agreement with CENIC) • this also will provide access to APAN (Pacific Rim), as well as other connected R&E networks • Initial backbone ring bandwidth of 155 Mbps (connecting BR-AR-CL-PA-MX) Initial connection to Europe at 622 Mbps from São Paulo – RNP will use 155 Mbps of access capacity initially CLARA network expected to be upgraded soon to support international scientific collaborations between US and South America • • Michael Stanton - LISHEP 2004 31 Experimental networking in Latin America • Advanced R&E networks provide for today’s connectivity needs of the R&E community • In future, with the growth of this community and its needs, new solutions will need to be provided • Such solutions are currently being developed and demonstrated in experimental networking testbeds • NSF 2002 classification of networking testbeds (beyond Internet2) – Experimental Infrastructure Networks (EIN) • provides stable networking infrastructure for application development and demonstration – Networking Research Testbeds (NRT) • permits development of networking technology Michael Stanton - LISHEP 2004 32 Some current experimental optical networking projects in Latin America • Chile: G-REUNA - Advanced Applications Testbed • Brazil: Project GIGA - Optical Networking and Applications Testbed Both of these are a mixture of EIN and NRT Michael Stanton - LISHEP 2004 33 G-REUNA (Chile) experimental network (2002-2003) • Phase I of G-REUNA: • R&D in optical networking and advanced applications • IP/DWDM • govt. and telco support • 250 km network between Santiago and Valparaiso • participation of leading research universities and national academic network (REUNA) • http://redesopticas.reuna.cl Michael Stanton - LISHEP 2004 34 Project GIGA (Brazil) Partnership between – RNP (Brazilian NREN) www.rnp.br – CPqD (telco industry R&D centre in Campinas, SP) www.cpqd.com.br – R&D community in industry and universities • Build an advanced networking laboratory (GIGA network) for development and demonstration purposes • Support R&D subprojects in optical and IP networking technology and advanced applications and services • Industry participation (telcos provide the fibres; technology transfer of products and services required) • Government funding for 3 years - started December 2002 Michael Stanton - LISHEP 2004 35 GIGA network: objectives • explore user control of optical fibre infrastructure – interconnect 20 academic R&D centres in S.E. Brazil – use of IP/DWDM with Ethernet framing • provide Networking Research Testbed (NRT) for optical and IP network development • provide Experimental Infrastructure Network (EIN) for development and demonstration of applications in several research areas • expected to operate in April 2004. Michael Stanton - LISHEP 2004 36 GIGA network: geographical localisation (states of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro) Universities IME PUC-Rio UERJ UFF UFRJ Unicamp UNIFESP USP R&D Centres CBPF - physics CPqD - telecom CPTEC - meteorology CTA - aerospace Fiocruz - health IMPA - mathematics INPE - space sciences LNCC - HPC LNLS - physics About 600 km extension - not to scale LNCC CTA INPE CPqD LNLS Unicamp CPTEC telcos UNIFESP USP - Incor USP C.Univ. Michael Stanton - LISHEP 2004 UFF CBPF LNCC Fiocruz IME IMPA-RNP PUC-Rio telcos UERJ UFRJ 37 GIGA Project: Initial design of the network • DWDM WAN between Campinas and Rio de Janeiro Campinas • WDM MANs in Rio, S. Paulo and Campinas • Switches between WAN São Rio de Paulo Janeiro and MANs for IP packets and lambdas (under study) • later: redundant topology and optical switching S.J. dos C. Paulista Campos São Paulo S. José dos Campos Cachoeira Paulista MAN SP Rio de Janeiro Campinas Petrópolis Niterói MAN CP MAN RJ Michael Stanton - LISHEP 2004 38 Some GIGA R&D subprojects • • Networking technologies – intelligent optical network with monitoring and control of physical parameters • optical amplification, dispersion, equalisation, SNR, ... – optical switching architecture • control plane: dynamical bandwidth provisioning and mesh restoration • provisioning end-to-end optical circuits for specific applications – IP over WDM: unified control plane and integrated network management Applications: – high performance distributed applications, including in HEP, astrophysics, meteorology, health sciences, engineering, biodiversity, etc. – advanced multimedia applications Michael Stanton - LISHEP 2004 39 What comes next in Latin America? • • • For RNP and REUNA, experimental networking projects are important for two reasons: – it provides a testbed network for R&D – provides experience in setting up and running a “facilitiesbased network”, instead of one based on service offerings from telcos. • only need the raw physical medium, or perhaps access to lambdas (wavelengths) • perhaps the only feasible way to build and use really high capacity networks Next step for RNP and REUNA is to transfer this experience to their production networks – Many well-known examples from other countries A logical consequence is to seek Gbps or lambda networking services for international collaboration. Michael Stanton - LISHEP 2004 40 Conclusion • Both international cooperation (through AmPath and CLARA) and development of experimental networking have percussions: – they provide valuable opportunities for academic user community in LA to collaborate with peer groups in other countries – they permit the acquiring and diffusion of experience in advanced networking technologies, often absent in LA countries – they lead to the provision of high capacity infrastructure networks for scientific cooperation Michael Stanton - LISHEP 2004 41 Acknowledgements and references • With thanks to many colleagues from both Europe and Latin America, too many all to be mentioned here individually. Some of the LA maps are by Florencio Utreras, from REUNA (Chile). Material on European networks provided by Cathrin Stöver from DANTE. • ALICE website: www.dante.net/server/show/nav.009 • ALICE brochure (in English, Spanish and Portuguese): www.dante.net/alice/ALICEbrochure.pdf • RNP and REUNA websites: www.rnp.br/en www.reuna.cl Michael Stanton - LISHEP 2004 42