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7.1
Next generation
Lifetime reproductive success
Behavioral capacities
Mechanisms
(perceptual, motivational, learning, motor, etc.)
Developmental programs
Genetic
influences
Nongenetic
influences
7.2
Physiological activation
Behavioral activation
Associative
learning
Response selection
Storage
Long-term
storage
Short-term
acquisition
Retrieval
Perceptual processes
Exteroceptive and interoceptive information
7.3
(a) Classical conditioning
(b) Instrumental conditioning
Stimulus 1
(SD)
Stimulus 1
(CS)
Response 1
(Ri)
Response 2
(CR)
Stimulus 2
(US)
Stimulus 2
(SR)
Response 1
(UR)
Response 2
(Rc)
7.4
(a) Two-process theory (parallel processing)
eR
SD
ri
Ri
(Instrumental)
SR
(Pavlovian)
(b) Occasion-setting theory (hierarchical processing)
SD
ri
eR
Ri
SR
7.5
Test
Goal
Place
Response
Number of Animals Responding .
14
Start
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Sal
Lid
Caudate Nucleus
Sal
Lid
Hippocampal
Test Day 8
Sal
Lid
Caudate Nucleus
Sal
Lid
Hippocampal
Test Day 16
7.6
Trials when Master Animal Responds
Master
SD
Ri
Nothing
R
Yoked
“SD”
Nothing
or
No R
Trials when Master Animal does not Respond
Master
SD
No Ri
SR
R
Yoked
“SD”
“SR”
or
No R
7.7
Startle
Total Behavior (%)
60
Omission
50
Yoked
40
30
20
10
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
12
14
16
Sessions
Magazine
Head-jerk
60
Omission
50
Yoked
Omission
50
Yoked
Total Behavior (%)
Total Behavior (%)
60
40
30
20
40
30
20
10
10
0
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
Sessions
12
14
16
0
2
4
6
8
10
Sessions
7.8
Keypeck (Pigeons)
80
40
0
0
40
80
120
0
200 400 600 800
0
CS-US Delay (ms)
20
30
30
20
2
4
8
CS-US Delay (s)
20
0
10
2
4
6
8
Flavor Aversion (Rats)
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
8
6
40
CS-US Delay (s)
6
4
60
0
Rejection Ratio
40
2
80
40
Conditioned Suppression
0
(Rats)
Latency
Responses
10
100
CS-US Delay (s)
Conditioned reinforcement
(Rats)
50
0
Licking (Rats)
Percentage of CRs
120
Trials to Criterion
Percentage of CRs
Eyeblink (Rabbits)
0
30
60
CS-US Delay (s)
90
-2
0
2
4
CS-US Delay (h)
6
7.9
4
S-R
Goal Box
Mean Errors
S-NT
3
2
1
Treatment
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Trials
Start Box
Mean Errors
4
FS-R
FS-NT
3
2
1
Treatment
0
0
1
2
3
4
Trials
5
6
7
8
7.10
Acquisition Score
1000
100
10
1
1
10
Cycle/Trial Duration Ratio
100
Drops of Saliva
7.11
Spontaneous Recovery
10
8
6
4
2
0
0
10
20
30
40
Drops of Saliva
Time (min)
Disinhibition
12
9
(1)
6
(2)
(3)
3
0
0
10
20
Time (min)
30
7.12
Retardation Test
2.5
2.0
1.5
C
1.0
CL
0.5
0.0
Experimental
Groups
Control
Median Magazine Entry
(seconds/trial)
Median Magazine Entry
(seconds/trial)
Summation Test
8
6
4
2
0
Experimental
Groups
Control
7.13
Acquisition
Log + 1 (s) Total Time
2.0
Extinction
1.6
1.2
0.8
500 mg
0.4
45 mg
0.0
12
13
14
15
16
17
Sessions
18
19
20
7.14
70:30
50:50
30:70
50:50
Percentage Choice of Red Key
100
No 20
No 22
80
60
40
20
0
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
200-Trial Blocks
35
40
45
7.15
Start
box
Choice
box
Side arm
(white)
Delay
box
Goal
box
10 cm
Doors
White noise
Light
Handling
Control
100
Correct Responses (%)
Side arm
(black)
80
60
40
20
0
0
1
2
3
4
10-Trial Blocks
5
6
7.16
1.0
Water
bottle
area
Probability
.8
Drinking
.6
Running
wheel
area
.4
Feeder area
Running
Other
.2
0
0
10
20
Postfood Time (s)
30
7.17
SUBSYSTEM
MODE
MODULE
Travel
General
search
Socialize
ACTION
Locomote
Scan
Crawl over
Investigate
Sniff
Nose
Paw
Chase
Track
Cut off
Predating
Focal
search
Lie in wait
Immobile
Capture
Pounce
Grab
Test
Ingest
Handle /
consume
Bite
Gnaw
Hold
Chew
Swallow
Reject
Spit out
Wipe off
Hoard
Carry
7.18
Early trials, first process:
Pavlovian
Light
No Response
Shock
Pain
Fear
Later trials, second process:
Instrumental
Light
Response
Fear
Light off
Shock off
Fear reduction
Defeat Time (min) or Number of Bites
7.19
14
12
10
Master
8
Yoked
6
No Shock
4
2
0
Defeat Time (min)
Bite Number
7.20
7.21
CS
US
Cues present
before and during
drug administration
Direct effects
of the drug
Context
Hypoalgesia
Conditioned link
Unconditioned link
CR
UR
Compensatory
responses
Hyperalgesia