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7.1 Next generation Lifetime reproductive success Behavioral capacities Mechanisms (perceptual, motivational, learning, motor, etc.) Developmental programs Genetic influences Nongenetic influences 7.2 Physiological activation Behavioral activation Associative learning Response selection Storage Long-term storage Short-term acquisition Retrieval Perceptual processes Exteroceptive and interoceptive information 7.3 (a) Classical conditioning (b) Instrumental conditioning Stimulus 1 (SD) Stimulus 1 (CS) Response 1 (Ri) Response 2 (CR) Stimulus 2 (US) Stimulus 2 (SR) Response 1 (UR) Response 2 (Rc) 7.4 (a) Two-process theory (parallel processing) eR SD ri Ri (Instrumental) SR (Pavlovian) (b) Occasion-setting theory (hierarchical processing) SD ri eR Ri SR 7.5 Test Goal Place Response Number of Animals Responding . 14 Start 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Sal Lid Caudate Nucleus Sal Lid Hippocampal Test Day 8 Sal Lid Caudate Nucleus Sal Lid Hippocampal Test Day 16 7.6 Trials when Master Animal Responds Master SD Ri Nothing R Yoked “SD” Nothing or No R Trials when Master Animal does not Respond Master SD No Ri SR R Yoked “SD” “SR” or No R 7.7 Startle Total Behavior (%) 60 Omission 50 Yoked 40 30 20 10 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 12 14 16 Sessions Magazine Head-jerk 60 Omission 50 Yoked Omission 50 Yoked Total Behavior (%) Total Behavior (%) 60 40 30 20 40 30 20 10 10 0 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 Sessions 12 14 16 0 2 4 6 8 10 Sessions 7.8 Keypeck (Pigeons) 80 40 0 0 40 80 120 0 200 400 600 800 0 CS-US Delay (ms) 20 30 30 20 2 4 8 CS-US Delay (s) 20 0 10 2 4 6 8 Flavor Aversion (Rats) 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 8 6 40 CS-US Delay (s) 6 4 60 0 Rejection Ratio 40 2 80 40 Conditioned Suppression 0 (Rats) Latency Responses 10 100 CS-US Delay (s) Conditioned reinforcement (Rats) 50 0 Licking (Rats) Percentage of CRs 120 Trials to Criterion Percentage of CRs Eyeblink (Rabbits) 0 30 60 CS-US Delay (s) 90 -2 0 2 4 CS-US Delay (h) 6 7.9 4 S-R Goal Box Mean Errors S-NT 3 2 1 Treatment 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Trials Start Box Mean Errors 4 FS-R FS-NT 3 2 1 Treatment 0 0 1 2 3 4 Trials 5 6 7 8 7.10 Acquisition Score 1000 100 10 1 1 10 Cycle/Trial Duration Ratio 100 Drops of Saliva 7.11 Spontaneous Recovery 10 8 6 4 2 0 0 10 20 30 40 Drops of Saliva Time (min) Disinhibition 12 9 (1) 6 (2) (3) 3 0 0 10 20 Time (min) 30 7.12 Retardation Test 2.5 2.0 1.5 C 1.0 CL 0.5 0.0 Experimental Groups Control Median Magazine Entry (seconds/trial) Median Magazine Entry (seconds/trial) Summation Test 8 6 4 2 0 Experimental Groups Control 7.13 Acquisition Log + 1 (s) Total Time 2.0 Extinction 1.6 1.2 0.8 500 mg 0.4 45 mg 0.0 12 13 14 15 16 17 Sessions 18 19 20 7.14 70:30 50:50 30:70 50:50 Percentage Choice of Red Key 100 No 20 No 22 80 60 40 20 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 200-Trial Blocks 35 40 45 7.15 Start box Choice box Side arm (white) Delay box Goal box 10 cm Doors White noise Light Handling Control 100 Correct Responses (%) Side arm (black) 80 60 40 20 0 0 1 2 3 4 10-Trial Blocks 5 6 7.16 1.0 Water bottle area Probability .8 Drinking .6 Running wheel area .4 Feeder area Running Other .2 0 0 10 20 Postfood Time (s) 30 7.17 SUBSYSTEM MODE MODULE Travel General search Socialize ACTION Locomote Scan Crawl over Investigate Sniff Nose Paw Chase Track Cut off Predating Focal search Lie in wait Immobile Capture Pounce Grab Test Ingest Handle / consume Bite Gnaw Hold Chew Swallow Reject Spit out Wipe off Hoard Carry 7.18 Early trials, first process: Pavlovian Light No Response Shock Pain Fear Later trials, second process: Instrumental Light Response Fear Light off Shock off Fear reduction Defeat Time (min) or Number of Bites 7.19 14 12 10 Master 8 Yoked 6 No Shock 4 2 0 Defeat Time (min) Bite Number 7.20 7.21 CS US Cues present before and during drug administration Direct effects of the drug Context Hypoalgesia Conditioned link Unconditioned link CR UR Compensatory responses Hyperalgesia