Download How to brush your teeth

CAVA DE’ TIRRENI (SA) ITALY
a. s. 2009/ 2010
HEALTHY SMILES
Comenius Multilateral Project
“Food and Health”
HEALTHY SMILES
• ANATOMY:
The Mouth , the Tooth
• PHYSIOLOGY : Functions of mouth and teeth.
Primary and permanent teeth
• PATHOLOGY : Tooth decay,
Granuloma,
Gum diseases (Gingivitis,Periodontitis)
Pulpitis,
Herpes Virus Infection
• PREVENTION: Healthy Foods for Healthy Smiles
How to take care of your teeth
How to brush your teeth
Useful dental tools
An unbalanced diet can cause serious damages both when you
eat too much and when you eat too little.
A correct food diet starts from our mouth
Also called the oral cavity, the mouth is the first part of the
gastrointestinal tract (or alimentary canal). The boundaries
of the mouth are formed by the lips, cheeks, floor of the
mouth, and palate . It contains the teeth and tongue and
receives secretions from the salivary glands. The mouth
performs three main functions, which have to do with
digestion, breathing, and speech..
General Functions of the mouth
Eating. With a healthy mouth and teeth, we can eat
a wide variety of foods that are good for us. Healthy,
strong teeth help us chew our foods well, which
aids in digestion.
•Speaking. The teeth and the other parts of our
mouth are used to make the proper sounds for many
letters of the alphabet. They help us speak clearly.
•Appearance. The mouth
is used when we smile or
use other expressions. The
teeth help give shape and
form to our face. With a
healthy mouth, we look
good to ourselves and to
others.
TOOTH ANATOMY
People use their teeth to bite and chew food - they are the
first step in the digestion of food.
STRUCTURE
The tooth has a multi-layer structure and it is basically
made up of two parts: the crown and the root.
The crown is what you see when you smile or open your
mouth. It's the part that sits above your gumline.
The root is below the gumline. It makes up about 2/3rds of the
tooth's total length
Four different tissues make up each tooth.
The enamel is the durable, white covering which
protects the tooth from the wear and tear of chewing.
The dentin supports the enamel on your teeth. It's a yellow
bone-like material that is softer than enamel and carries some
of the nerve fibres that tell you when something is going wrong
inside your tooth.
The Pulp is the centre of the tooth. It's a soft tissue that
contains blood , lymph vessels, and nerves. The pulp is how
the tooth receives nourishment and transmits signals to your
brain.
The cementum is what covers most of the root of the tooth.
It helps to attach the tooth to the bones in your jaw.
PHYSIOLOGY
Your teeth look different from one another because they are
designed to do different things.
The Incisors are the teeth in the very front. They're the
sharpest teeth, built to cut food and shaped to shovel the
food inward.
The Canine teeth are in the corners of your mouth.
Because they're meant for grasping and tearing food,
they have very long roots.
The premolars are located just behind your Canine teeth. The
premolars have a more flat chewing surface because they're
meant for crushing food.
The Molars are the last teeth towards the back of your
mouth. Molars are much bigger than the premolars and
have bigger, flatter chewing surfaces because their job
is to chew and grind the food into smaller pieces.
PRIMARY AND PERMANENT TEETH
People have two sets of teeth in their lives, the primary teeth
(also called the baby, milk or deciduous teeth) and the
permanent teeth (also called the adult or secondary teeth).
Children have 20 primary teeth; they are replaced by the
permanent teeth by about age 13. Adults have 32 permanent
teeth.
Deciduous teeth
Permanent teeth
Primary Teeth
Babies have no visible teeth at birth. Their teeth are forming
inside the gums. The 20 primary teeth (also called baby teeth
or first teeth) come through the gums over the time from
about 6 months to a year old.
Permanent Teeth
Primary teeth fall out and are replaced by 32 permanent teeth (also
called adult teeth). This happens over the time since when a child
is from about the age of 6 to 14 years .
(incisors)
(canines)
(premolars)
(molars)
3°molar
“wisdom-tooth”
PATHOLOGY
Tooth decay
Soon after brushing your teeth, a thin and a sticky layer of
bacteria forms on the surface of all your teeth. This layer of
bacteria is called plaque. When you eat anything sugary, the
bacteria in plaque turn the sugar into the energy they need,
producing acid at the same time.
plaque
gingival inflammation
The acid softens and dissolves the hard enamel surface of
the teeth (demineralisation )
Over time, frequent demineralisation causes cavities to form
in your teeth. This is called tooth decay, or caries.
If Teeth decay isn’t treated, it can cause abscess and
granulomas, the bacteria in plaque can reach the pulp,
get into the bloodstream with serious consequences for
the heart, the kidneys and the joints.
Deep tooth decay
Infected and necrotic dental pulp
Abscess
Gum disease is inflammation of the gums and damage to
the bone that anchors teeth in the jaws. If plaque isn't
cleaned off your teeth regularly, your gums will become red,
swollen and inflamed, and they may bleed. This is the early
stage of gum deseases, called gingivites.
If gingivitis is not treated, the gums may begin to pull away
from your teeth, leaving a little pocket around each tooth.
Over time, plaque hardens to become tartar .The irritation
gradually spreads to the bone structures around your teeth.
This is called Periodontitis.
Pulpitis
Pulpitis is the inflammatory process
of the pulp principally caused by a
dental
decay.The
infection
is
irreversible and it is the main cause
of dental pain among individuals of
all ages and loss of teeth in younger
people. Untreated necrosis may
lead to a localized abscess or a
spreading
infection
into
the
surrounding soft tissue. Immediate
treatment involves antibiotic therapy
and perhaps the drainage of
abscesses,
while
definitive
treatment requires root canal
therapy or extraction of the involved
tooth
Herpes Virus infection
Oral herpes is an infection caused
by the herpes simplex virus. The
virus causes painful sores on your
lips, gums, tongue, roof of your
mouth, and inside your cheeks. It
also can cause symptoms such as
fever
and
muscle
aches.
People
contract
herpes
by
touching infected saliva, mucous
membranes, or skin. Because the
virus is highly contagious, most
people have been infected by at
least 1 herpes subtype before
adulthood.
PREVENTION
HEALTHY FOODS FOR HEALTHY SMILES
Our teeth need :
• Dairy Products
• Fish
• Foods rich in iron
• Vegetables, fruit
and fibres
 Selecting a diet that promotes oral health is important.
•Foods high in sugar can cause
tooth decay so do not consume
them frequently and remember to
give your teeth, a good cleaning
afterwards.
•The protein in dairy products
binds to the outer tooth and
prevents bacteria from sticking to
the surface of the tooth.
•Choose healthy snacks like, fresh
fruit, raw vegetables or popcorn.
•Don’t
have
snacks
before
bedtime.
•Be sure to see your dentist
regularly.
• Dairy Products
Everything that is made from
milk such as yoghurt, cheese
and milk products is a good
source of calcium
and an
essential nutrient for the
development of bones and
teeth.
Some scientific studies have
shown that eating cheese
might actually help to protect
your teeth from cavities by
preventing something called
demineralization.
•Fish
it keeps the plaque ph above 5,5.
It is useful for the production of
blood, it helps mental concentration
and prevents teeth decay.
•Foods rich in iron
They help cell production in
the blood and protect against
the plaque.
Eat meat, beans, chickpeas
• Vegetables, fruit and fibres
They stimulate salivation that
clean the oral cavity .
Prefer raw vegetables and not
very sugary fruits
How to take care of your teeth
 Maintaining good oral hygiene
is critical to prevent tooth decay
and gum disease. This means:
•Cleaning your teeth at least twice a
day with fluoride toothpaste
•Visiting the dentist and hygienist
regularly and limiting the amount of
sugar in your diet.
•Fluoride preventive treatment
•Dental check at least twice a year
How to brush your teeth
• Make sure you brush every
surface of each tooth. Most
dentists would recommend
around two minutes.
• Start at one side of your mouth
and move round to the other
side, brushing all the tooth
surfaces thoroughly with vertical
movements.
• Repeat the movements three
four times for groups of teeth
• Brush the backside (or inside)
surfaces of your teeth
• Pay particular attention to the
gumline, angling the bristles
into the crevice where the
gums meet the teeth.
•Replace your toothbrush every
three months.
•Floss daily to remove food
particles and plaque that
brushing cannot reach.
 USEFUL DENTAL TOOLS
The ideal toothbrush must have
•A small head
•Round pointed synthetic bristles
•Flexible ergonomic handle
• Powered toothbrushes
They are charged by a unit that is
plugged into an electrical outlet and
are excellent alternatives or adjuncts
to hand toothbrushes. There are also
many low-cost battery operated
toothbrushes,
and
powered
toothbrushes for children. Powered
toothbrushes are recommended for
all individuals, as they often remove
more
plaque
than
hand
toothbrushes.
 The dental floss
• Few people know how important the
dental floss is.
• It is bundle of thin nylon filaments or a
plastic ribbon used to remove food
and dental plaque from teeth.
• It is used for cleaning spaces between
teeth which cannot be reached by
toothbrushes. It is important to floss
before brushing teeth and to floss at
least once a day. "Gingivitis" which
means gum disease is one type of
disease that flossing helps to prevent.
 How to use the dental floss?
• Insert the floss between the teeth
• scrape along the teeth
especially close to the gums
sides,
• Work the dental floss up and down
the side of each tooth.
• Always keep the pressure of the
dental floss against the tooth's
surface.
• Rinse your mouth out after you floss.
 Interdental brushes
• Interdental brushes are usually very small
and specially designed brushes for
cleaning between the teeth.
• Interdental brushes are best when the
spaces between your teeth are too wide
to use floss.
• How to use Interdental brushes?
• Interdental brushes are easier to use than
floss.
• They should be used by pushing gently
back and forth between the teeth and the
gum line.
• They should never be forced into the
space between the teeth as this can
cause trauma to the teeth and gum.
 Fluoride prevention treatment
• Fluoride helps prevent tooth decay
by making the tooth more resistant
to acid attacks from plaque
bacteria and sugars in the mouth.
• It also reverses early decay. In
children under six years of age,
fluoride becomes incorporated into
the development of permanent
teeth, making it difficult for acids to
demineralize the teeth.
• Fluoride
also
helps
speed
remineralization
as
well
as
disrupts acid production in already
erupted teeth of both children and
adults.
• Plaque evidencing tablets.
Plaque evidencing tablets can be used before
evening cleaning to show where plaque
bacteria is deposited most. These tablets can
also be used after brushing and flossing teeth
for a better oral hygiene. They can be bought
in chemist shops.
• Chew sugar-free gums or candies
• They can be useful to prevent
teeth decay.
• Chewing sugar free gum has
been proved, from a number of
clinical studies, to reduce caries
by stimulating the production of
saliva, which neutralizes the
plaque acids that cause tooth
decay. It has been calculated
that people chewing sugar free
gum three times a day reduce
their risk of caries by 40%
compared using those who do
not chew gum.
• Tongue cleaner
It comes in the form of the letter ‘T’ with ridges.
These ridges help remove the remaining bacteria
with a jet of water.
 Mouthwash
• Mouthwash is a product used to
enhance oral hygiene. Antiseptic and
anti-plaque mouth claims to kill the
bacterial plaque causing caries ,
gingivitis , and bad breath. Anti-cavity
mouthwash uses fluoride to protect
against tooth decay.
Doctor’s description of mouth and its functions
Dental check at school
The dentist is
exploring
a student’s oral
cavity during a
practical lesson.
SOME STUDENTS TAKING PART IN THE DENTAL COURSE
Students:
People involved in this work
Abate Giulio
Adinolfi Vincenzo
Angrisani Alessandra
Apicella Nicola
Avagliano Vincenzo
Avallone Ilaria
Baldini Antonio
Califano Annarita
Carratù Rossella
Celano Carmen
Consalvo Daniele
Consiglio Federica
Di Domenico Roberto
Di Mauro Roberto
Di Salvatore Mirko
Fiore Anna
Marrazzo Alessia
Mosca Marianna
Nacchia crescenzo Rosa
Nunziante Raffaele
Pisapia Annarosa
Santoriello Federica
Santoriello Luca
Squitieri Alessandro
Vicidomini Stefania
II C
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III C
III C
IV C
III C
II C
III G
IV C
III C
IV C
IIIG
IV C
II C
III C
IC
III G
IV C
IV C
II C
IV C
III G
IV C
IV C
IIIG
Teachers:
Mrs Gianna Barrella ( English)
Mrs Agnese Salerno ( English)
Mr Pietro Galdi
(Doctor)
Administrative personnel
Laboratory Technicians
Headmaster : Mrs Matilde Piselli