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Download File - Sarah Gray - Student Affairs in Higher Education
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Agenda (1) Assignment Three (2) Readings from Week Five-Catch-up (3) Readings from Week Six Asian Students Lee,S. (2010). Article debunks myths about the Asian college students as a monolithic population; in reality there is a lot of diversity among Asian college students. Lee Myths Asian students are whiz kids in college Model minority Reality True from some Asian groups like Japanese, Koreans, and Chinese, some Vietnamese from the elite strata Not True for the Hmong which was a minority group in Vietnam and Laos. Wang’s Asian Americans in Higher Education The 1852 Gold Rush and the Transcontinental railroad were two events that helped spark large waves of Chinese immigration to the US. During the 1852 Gold Rush, many Chinese came to the country to work in the gold mines in California. The 1869 Transcontinental railroad was officially connected. This new linkage connected the eastern and western parts of US. Chinese laborers played a major role in helping to build the railroad. The Chinese Puzzle 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act This act provided an absolute 10-year moratorium on Chinese labor immigration. For the first time, Federal law proscribed entry of an ethnic working group on the premise that it endangered the good order of certain localities. The act required that immigrants obtain certification from the Chinese government that they were qualified to immigrate. But this group found it increasingly difficult to prove that they were not laborers because the 1882 act defined excludable as “skilled and unskilled laborers and Chinese employed in mining.” Thus very few Chinese could enter the country under the 1882 law. The 1882 exclusion act also placed new requirements on Chinese who had already entered the country. If they left the United States, they had to obtain certifications to re-enter. Congress, moreover, refused State and Federal courts the right to grant citizenship to Chinese resident aliens, although these courts could still deport them. Discrimination Asian Americans were systematically excluded from public education and higher education during earlier periods of American life. Some institutions placed an emphasis on attracting international Asian students while ignoring American born Asian students. Access and Exclusion Students had limited choices influences shaped by finances, gender, and race and geography. Latino Students Tudico,C. (2010). Beyond Black and White. The heart of the article focuses on a perspective that Latino Voice should be added to the discussion of American Higher Education. The author believes that higher education is viewed in a black and white context. Tudico Notes (1) Author suggested that the presence of Hispanophobia has caused the Latino Voice to be missing in the higher education literature. Hispanophobia is defined as the “historical profession’s neglect and outright bias concerning the history of largely Roman Catholic Spanish peoples and institutions. “Diversity” Within (2) Californios compared to Mestizo have had Different experiences attending and graduating from college. The former are defined as Mexican Americans who were predominately the descendants of the Spaniards. Mestizos are the descendants of the Spanish and Native tribes. College Administration & Finances Two sources of philanthropy: (1)Organizations and (2)Individuals. Organizations/Foundations American Missionary Association Peabody Education Trust Individuals Matthew Vassar Interregional Philanthropy American Missionary Association helped develop Liberal Colleges in the West and private HBCUs. Support for development of majority white and historically black institutions in the South. Stakeholders Institutional leaders (trustees, presidents) Intellectual interests of faculty Other Forces Impacting the Undergraduate Curriculum Emergence of the Research institution Community Colleges Ellis Island Thelin Captain of Industry & Erudition Abstract The thrust of the chapter focuses on how the historical conditions at end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century impacted university transformation. Also, the author examined the criteria to determine exceptional universities in different parts of the country.lFinally, author examined how industrial and intellectual leadership impacted institutions Association of American Universities AAU AAU: http://www.aau.edu/ The Association of American Universities (AAU) is a nonprofit 501(c)(3) organization of 61 leading public and private research universities in the United States and Canada. Founded in 1900 to advance the international standing of U.S. research universities. Charter Institutions Harvard John Hopkins Columbia University of Chicago University of California Clark University Cornell Michigan Stanford Wisconsin University of Penn Princeton Yale 1) Observations of the characteristics of this What are your impressions list? 2) What institutions on the list are still considered exemplary? Quest for the Great American University Overlapping trends: Captains of Industry and Captains of Erudition. Describe the era of major corporations developing around the country like Carnegie Steel, Sanford Oil Company, and Hilton. In higher education, major universities emerged during this time period. Transformational leadership is the key link between the development of the industrial and higher education sectors. Factors shaping rise Industrial development and discretionary wealth Religion Gospel of Wealth University Presidents: Key Characteristics (1) Long tenure in office (2) Aware of key political events (3)Excellent fundraisers Characteristics of Great Universities Philanthropy on large scale Presidential presence Professors as experts Pedagogy Curriculum Professional schools Professionalization of students Dynamics of Academic enterprise Professional Schools 1) University builders didn’t establish connection between undergraduate and professional organizations. 2) Funding major challenge for organizations in higher education. Professional Schools: Success Stories Agricultural Mining Civic Engineering Forerunners of ROTC Query What impact did Land grant institutions have on Federal and State government? Structure and Resources Established Department of Agriculture Interior Department War Department The three departments brought resources to Land Grants. Campus Life Before 1890 Small size of institutions Simplicity in mission and function Generalist faculty After 1890 Emergence or larger institutions due to physical plant, student body, and size of faculty. General academic mission with multiple undergraduate and graduate programs. Faculty specialization Public Accountability: 1890-1900 Query: What are the reasons that higher education was viewed as being unregulated? Hawthorne, E. (1997) Institutional Contexts Abstract Curriculum is how faculty organize what we teach, how [pedagogy] teach, and to whom [characteristics]. Goal of the article is to examine the different factors of institutional contexts impacting curriculum development at different institutions. Underlying Currents Six significant underlying currents have influenced different groups to create the diversity of curriculum in American higher education. The currents are: Two opposing views of human nature Religion and religious values Application of knowledge and the aspirations to generate knowledge Pragmatic and diverse nature of Americans Local interests played major roles in the development of curriculum and institutions. Currents emerged due to the actions of internal and external stakeholders. Query What are some internal and external stakeholders that influence American higher education? Stakeholders Institutional leaders (trustees, presidents) Intellectual interests of faculty Student and the Curriculum Students help shape the curriculum in three ways: 1. Student demands for relevance in the curriculum during the sixties, seventies, eighties, nineties, and 21st century. What forces helped shape the student movements to impact the curriculum? BGS, i.e. alternative BA/BS degree curriculum configurations that emerged. Afro History departments at different majority white institutions Women Studies departments Latino Studies Native American or First Nation Studies Asian American Studies GLBT Studies Student and the Curriculum 2. Students developing new interests outside of the regular curriculum 3. Development of special curriculum Other forces impacting the undergraduate curriculum Emergence of the Research Institution Community Colleges Community College Mission The original mission and current mission are quite different. Originally, the junior college role was to help students gain the first two years of college. The institutions attracted students from higher socioeconomic backgrounds. Later, they emerged into institutions whose primary access mission was remedial education. Currently, community colleges attract more underacademically prepared students from lower socioeconomic backgrounds. Curriculum as Social Construction What do we mean by social construction? Social constructionism “Social constructionism is a general term sometimes applied to theories that emphasize the socially created nature of social life. Of course, in one sense all sociologists would argue this, so the term can easily become devoid of meaning. More specifically, however, the emphasis on social constructionism is usually traced back at least to the work of William Isaac Thomas and the Chicago sociologists, as well as the phenomenological sociologists and philosophers such as Alfred Schutz. Such approaches emphasize the idea that society is actively and creatively produced by human beings. They portray the world as made or invented– rather than merely given or taken for granted. Social worlds are interpretive nets woven by individuals and groups.” A Dictionary of Sociology | 1998 | GORDON MARSHAL Levine, A. and Nidiffer (1997). Key Turning Points in the Evolving Curriculum. Abstract We have two major goals in this chapter: First, authors seek to provide a 400-year overview curriculum at different institutions of higher education. Second, the authors examine the cumulative impact of the evolving curriculum on American higher education. Key points Post modernism philosophical current impact on the emerging German research university. How intellectuals perceived the nature of knowledge: from something that was divinely revealed with perhaps the nature of knowledge from something that was divinely revealed with perhaps magical qualities to something to be discovered based on empiricism. Questions: What do we mean by empiricism? What impact did post-modernism have on the development of German University? Key points Emerging German research university’s: Admission criteria Earlier admission criteria took the form of institutions seeking intellectually most capable, not because of social standing. American trained scholars from German institutions replicate their training in American colleges and universities. Focus on graduate education, not undergraduate education Shifting faculty role from teaching to research Cementing roles of research, teaching, and service Emergence of multiple meanings of being a “college graduate” 1) Development of intellectual skills to absorb knowledge 2) Downplaying moral development 3) Career and life enhancement Q/A Carnegie Classication Carnegie Classication is a typology of the different types of higher education institutions today. In 1973The Carnegie Foundation of Teaching established the initial conceptualization of the typology. Since 1973, the typology has been revised several times. The 2005 version is the one we should refer to in the program: http://classifications.carnegiefoundation.o rg/descriptions/basic.php Institutional Type Associate Colleges Associate's Colleges. Includes institutions where all degrees are at the associate's level, or where bachelor's degrees account for less than 10 percent of all undergraduate degrees. Excludes institutions eligible for classification as Tribal Colleges or Special Focus Institutions Doctorate-granting Universities Doctorate-granting Universities. Includes institutions that awarded at least 20 research doctoral degrees during the update year (excluding doctoral-level degrees that qualify recipients for entry into professional practice, such as the JD, MD, PharmD, DPT, etc.). Excludes Special Focus Institutions and Tribal Colleges. Master's Colleges and Universities Master's Colleges and Universities. Generally includes institutions that awarded at least 50 master's degrees and fewer than 20 doctoral degrees during the update year (with occasional exceptions – see Methodology). Excludes Special Focus Institutions and Tribal Colleges. Baccalaureate Colleges Baccalaureate Colleges. Includes institutions represent at least where baccalaureate degrees 10 percent of all undergraduate degrees and where fewer than 50 master's degrees or 20 doctoral degrees were awarded during the update year. (Some institutions above the master's degree threshold are also included; see Methodology.) Excludes Special Focus Institutions and Tribal Colleges. Special Focus Institutions Special Focus Institutions. Institutions awarding baccalaureate or higher-level degrees where a high concentration of degrees (above 75%) is in a single field or set of related fields. Excludes Tribal Colleges. Tribal Colleges Tribal Colleges. Colleges and universities that are members of the American Indian Higher Education Consortium, as identified in IPEDS Institutional Characteristics. Horizontal Perspectives Importance of paying attention to your institutions preference affiliations with peer institutions. Association American Universities AAU http://www.aau.edu/about/default.aspx?id=58 AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF STATE COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES http://www.aascu.org/ American Association of Community Colleges http://www.aacc.nche.edu/Pages/default.aspx The National Association for Equal Opportunity in Higher Education (NAFEO) http://www.nafeo.org/community/web2010/about.html American Indian Higher Education Consortium http://www.aihec.org/ THE HISPANIC ASSOCIATION OF COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES (HACU) HACU was established in 1986 with a founding membership of eighteen institutions. Because of HACU’s exemplary leadership on behalf of the nation’s youngest and fastest-growing population, the Association rapidly grew in numbers and national impact. Thelin Chapter Five Alma Mater The Collegiate Ideal Hortio Alger strata of society especially those considered “new money” wanted their sons to attend an elite institution in order to sustain and enhance their social status. College going became fashionable and prestigious at the end of the 19th century. Tension between Liberal arts and universities. Institutional age not modernity established institutional prestige. Collegiate Celebrations Collegiate Celebrations Between 1890-1910 Americans began highly interested in college attendance. Professors lived a very meager life. Brand loyalty developed symbolized in school mascots. Institutional prestige and athletic programs: Early tension between academic values and athletes’ uneven background Student Subcultures Undergraduates in the Gothic Age What were the identified student subcultures on college campuses during this era? How did the dominant subculture shape the student culture? Access and Affordability The intersection between access, financial aid, and affordability connection. Academic preparation and retention impact on college attendance. White males were the preferred type of student at many institutions. Socio economic make-up of colleges. Anti-Semitism in college admission Intercollegiate Sports Emergence of football on college campuses. Impact of football on connecting students, faculty, alumni, and community around the institution. Emergence of the tail wags the dog or the dog wags the tail. Unevenness in athletes' background. Women’s College Women’s college and college women successful features of American higher education between 1880 -1920. Student subcultures and women’s colleges. Career and life options for women Women and Coeducation Academic integration. Restricted career options for women. Co-curriculum system and women. Collegiate Ideal and Black Colleges Different academic missions for public and private HBCUs. Career options for graduates for black college graduates. Campus life Missing in the review about African American college students. African American students attended and graduated from TWIs during this era. Indiana University- Marcus Neal 1895 and Frances Marshall 1919. Blanche Keteen Bruce graduated from KU in 1885 Omitted in Thelin’s books Latino and Asian students’ experiences not described and examined in Thelin’s chapter. Excesses of College Life Emerging influence of undergraduates and alumni on institutions’ decisions. Criteria for determining student’s place in the dominant student subculture. Presence and influence of other student subcultures. College graduates and national political leadership The Curriculum/Selective Admissions 1) What are your impression about the the intersection between collegiate culture, curriculum, and performance? 2) What factors did institutions make use of to select students to their campuses? 3) What factors caused the rise of Student Affairs? WWI/Colleges Military expansion and enrollment. Uneven impact of militarization of the curriculum. Development of Memorial Student Unions Q/A Next Class… 3/4 Research Day (no class) 3/11 Spring Break (no class) 3/18 Growth in the Higher Education System Thelin, Chapter 6 Success and Excess: Expansions and Reforms *Group #3CIHR discussion
