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Power System Operatios and Control (EET 415) Laboratory Module EXPERIMENT 2 REACTIVE POWER OPTIMIZATION 1. OBJECTIVE: To minimize a system active power loss by reactive power optimization. 2. EQUIPMENT: MiPower software 3. INTRODUCTION Alternating current (AC) is supplied in a 60Hz waveform. Reactive power is produced when the current waveform is out of phase with the voltage waveform due to inductive or capacitive loads. Current lags voltage with an inductive load, and leads voltage with a capacitive load. Only the component of current in phase with voltage produces real or active power that does real work. Current is in phase with voltage for a resistive load, like an incandescent light bulb. Reactive Power is necessary for producing the electric and magnetic fields in capacitors and inductors. Energy losses in transmission lines and transformers are of two kinds: resistive and reactive. The former are caused by resistive component of the load and can not be avoided. The latter, coming from reactive component of the load, can be avoided (Fig. 1). Reactive losses come from circuit capacitance (negative), and circuit inductance (positive). When a heavy inductive load is connected to the power grid, a large positive reactive power component is added, thereby increasing observed power load (Fig. 1). This increases losses due to reactive load current, increases kVA demand, increases customer energy consumption, usually degrades voltage profiles, and reduces revenue. KOLEJ UNIVERSITI KEJURUTERAAN UTARA MALAYSIA – Exp.1 (Revision 1) 1 Power System Operatios and Control (EET 415) Laboratory Module The controllable reactive power sources include generators, shunt reactors, shunt capacitors and On Load Tap Changers of transformers (OLTC). Generators can generate or absorb reactive power depending on the excitation. When overexcited they supply the reactive power, and when underexcited they absorb reactive power. The automatic voltage regulators of generators can continually adjust the excitation [1]. Reactors, shunt capacitors and OLTC are traditionally switched on/off through circuit breakers on command from the operator. Since the early eighties, advances in Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) controllers in power systems have led to their application to improve voltage profiles of power networks. The most frequently used devices are: Reactive Power Controller(RPC) and Static Var Compensator (SVC). 4. PROCEDURES Figure 2.1 The IEEE 6-bus system is shown in Figure 2.1. Bus 1 is the swing bus, bus 2 is a PV bus, while Bus 3, 5 and 6 are PQ buses. The two branches with tap-setting transformer are branch 4-3 and 6-5. The line data, Generator and transformer data and its initial state variables for the IEEE 6-Bus system are shown in Tables 2.1, 2.2 and 2.3 respectively. All impedance are given at 100Mva base. While the nominal voltages for all the buses are 33 kV. Find the reactive power optimization for the power system within the below constrains. KOLEJ UNIVERSITI KEJURUTERAAN UTARA MALAYSIA – Exp.1 (Revision 1) 2 Power System Operatios and Control (EET 415) Laboratory Module Bus Voltage magnitude constrains: 0.95 V 1.05 Transformer Tap Position constrains : 0.95 T 1.05 Generator Bus Reactive Power Constrains: -20 Q 100 Bus code Impedance From i to j R +jX 6-1 0.123 + j0.518 6-4 0.080 + j0.370 4-1 0.097 + j0.407 5-2 0.282 + j0.640 2-3 0.723 + j1.050 Table 2.1 Bus No Load Load MW MVAR 1 0 0 2 0 0 3 55 25 4 0 0 5 30 20 6 50 20 Figure 2.2 Element Data Generator 1 Generator 2 Manufacturer Ref No 1 2 No of Units Parallel 1 1 De-rated MVA 200 200 Schedule Power 100 100 Real Power Min 50 50 Real Power Max 150 200 Reactive Power Min 0 -20 KOLEJ UNIVERSITI KEJURUTERAAN UTARA MALAYSIA – Exp.1 (Revision 1) 3 Power System Operatios and Control (EET 415) Laboratory Module Reactive Power Max 100 100 Specified Voltage 1.02 p.u 1.02 p.u Table 2.3 Transformer Data Transformer 1 Transformer 2 Reference No 1 2 MVA Rating 200 200 Tap Position 5 5 From Bus i to Bus j 4-3 6-5 Control Bus 4 6 Positive Seq Impedance 0.133 0.133 Table 2.4 1. Double click the MiPower icon on your pc screen. 2. Follow the procedure in lab manual in order to draw and input all the data 3. For transmission line, load and generation database, use the data from Table 2.1 and 2.3 respectively. 4. For Transformer database, use the data from Table 2.4. 5. After finish editing, run the load flow program. Select fast Decoupled method on the Load Flow analysis screen.Set P and Q tolerances at 0.001. Also check the Optimal power Flow Analysis and Q Optimization box as shown below. 6. After execute, save the report in your pc and print it out. This will be the reactive power optimization simulation for power flow studies. . 7. Fill in Table 1in your answer sheet. States any voltages constrain violation of the system. KOLEJ UNIVERSITI KEJURUTERAAN UTARA MALAYSIA – Exp.1 (Revision 1) 4 Power System Operatios and Control (EET 415) Laboratory Module 8. What is the total reactive power generated at Gen 2? States if any violation occurred? 9. What is the system total active Power loss? 10. Now, install a shunt capacitor at Bus 3, 4 and 6. The details of the shunt capacitor data are given below. Bus No Mvar MVA Rating kV Rating Positive Susceptance 3 50 100 33 0.5 4 15 100 33 0.15 5 45 100 33 0.45 11. To draw a shunt capacitor, click on on the GUI network editor. The following screen will popped up on the screen. 12. Click on the Shunt Capacitor Libraries data. The shunt library data will appear as shown below. 13. Follow the same procedure to draw shunt capacitors at Bus 4 and 6. KOLEJ UNIVERSITI KEJURUTERAAN UTARA MALAYSIA – Exp.1 (Revision 1) 5 Power System Operatios and Control (EET 415) Laboratory Module 14. Now, conduct lab procedure no 5 until 7 to simulate the updated data. Complete the answer sheet as Q 8 to Q10. 15. Now, change the tap setting of OLTC of Transformer 1 and 2 to 1.05 p.u (tap9) and 0.95 p.u (Tap1) respectively. Also change the schedule power for Gen 2 from 100 MW to 50MW. 16. Conduct lab procedure similarly as No 14 17. Plot the single line diagram with all relevant data for the experiment. Also print out the output report for this experiment. KOLEJ UNIVERSITI KEJURUTERAAN UTARA MALAYSIA – Exp.1 (Revision 1) 6 Power System Operatios and Control (EET 415) Laboratory Module PART B. 1. Describe in your own words the meaning of Reactive Power Optimization. Elaborate more on the importance of conducting it in terms of loss minimization and variable constrains. Also states equipment which absorbs and generate reactive power and its effect on the Generator performance. KOLEJ UNIVERSITI KEJURUTERAAN UTARA MALAYSIA – Exp.1 (Revision 1) 7 Power System Operatios and Control (EET 415) Laboratory Module EXP 2: Reactive Power Optimization NAME:__________________________________ MATRIX NO __________________ EXPERIMENT NO:________________________ DATE________________________ ANSWER 9. Parameters Voltage Magnitude Violation (Yes/No) Bus 3 Bus 4 Bus 5 Bus 6 Generator 2 Reactive Power generate for 2 _____________ Total active Power Loss _______________ 15. Parameters Voltage Magnitude Violation (Yes/No) Bus 3 Bus 4 Bus 5 Bus 6 Generator 2 Reactive Power generate for 2 _____________ Total active Power Loss _______________ 16. KOLEJ UNIVERSITI KEJURUTERAAN UTARA MALAYSIA – Exp.1 (Revision 1) 8 Power System Operatios and Control (EET 415) Parameters Voltage Magnitude Laboratory Module Violation (Yes/No) Bus 3 Bus 4 Bus 5 Bus 6 Generator 2 Reactive Power generate for 2 _____________ Total active Power Loss _______________ KOLEJ UNIVERSITI KEJURUTERAAN UTARA MALAYSIA – Exp.1 (Revision 1) 9 Power System Operatios and Control (EET 415) Laboratory Module Discussion Analyze the laboratory result. Comment on the bus voltage and total real power loss compared with the system with and without the shunt capacitor. And a system which has been optimized together with the use of Tap change transformer and Generator 2 MW output. (10 marks) Conclusion KOLEJ UNIVERSITI KEJURUTERAAN UTARA MALAYSIA – Exp.1 (Revision 1) ( 5 marks) 10