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Blood
• transport medium for nutrients, wastes, and
gases and hormones of the endocrine system
• The liquid component is the portion of the
blood that contains no cells.
Liquid Component of Blood
Plasma
• Fluid we would find in the
blood that is flowing
through the blood vessels.
– Anticoagulants (chemicals
which prevent clotting)
must be added to a test
tube if one wants to obtain
a plasma sample from an
individual.
Serum
• if the blood has clotted before the fluid was
separated from the blood.
• Most of the liquid component of blood is
water, about 92%.
– transport fluid to assist the movement of
materials around the body.
– also important in the regulation of body
temperature.
Plasma Proteins (4 groups)
Albumin
critical role in the exchange of nutrients and
wastes between the blood and the body
cells. Abnormal levels of these proteins can
have dramatic effects on the amount of tissue
fluid. Produced in Liver
Plasma Proteins (4 groups)
Alpha and beta globulins
• transport proteins to assist the movement of
certain materials around the body. Some of
these proteins are also involved in the process
of blood clotting. Others are involved in
defending the body against disease. Produced
in Liver
Plasma Proteins (4 groups)
Gamma globulins AKA antibodies
• These proteins help to protect us against
disease. produced by a group of white blood
cells known as lymphocytes
Plasma Proteins (4 groups)
Fibrinogen is the protein that is converted into a
clot when bleeding is taking place. Produced
in Liver
Plasma Proteins (4 groups)
Fibrinogen
– This protein is present in plasma but is absent
from serum (it has been used to form the
clot). This is the only difference between serum
and plasma.
Cellular Components of Blood
Produced in the red bone marrow (except some
lymphocytes).
Cellular Components of Blood
• Once the cells mature, they move out of the
bone marrow and into the blood vessels.
Cellular Components of Blood
• bone marrow transplant (Adult Stem Cell
Transplant)
Erythrocytes
•
•
•
•
AKA red blood cells (RBC's)
most numerous of the blood cells.
lack a nucleus (lost during maturation process)
flattened disc shape
Erythrocytes
Hemoglobin:
protein molecule
contains iron.
important role in the transport of gases
controlling the blood pH.
many molecules of hemoglobin.
Leukocytes
• AKA white blood cells (WBC)
• less prevalent than the red blood cells
• contain a nucleus, and some of them contain
granules in the cytoplasm, as well.
Leukocytes (5 types)
• neutrophils are the most common type of
white blood cell.
• phagocytic.
• important in protecting the body from
infections.
Leukocytes (5 types)
Eosinophils
phagocytic.
release chemicals that are
involved in allergic reactions.
Leukocytes (5 types)
Basophils
rare in the blood
produce chemicals that are involved in the
inflammation and allergic reactions.
Leukocytes (5 types)
Monocytes
phagocytic
In the tissues
React to foreign materials
Chemicals for triggering processes of
inflammation, immune protection, and
healing.
Leukocytes (5 types)
Lymphocytes
produce antibodies
can be produced inside or outside of the bone
marrow
Thrombocyte or platelets
• not cells at all
• tiny pieces of a huge cell that lives in the bone
marrow.
Thrombocyte or platelets
• These cellular fragments are involved in the
process of clot formation.
• Platelets release chemicals that initiate the
complex chemical reactions of coagulation
and form a framework on which the clot will
be built.
Blood Typing
• surface of the red blood cells are special
marker molecules called antigens.
• controlled genetically
Blood Typing
• Type A blood A-antigen on surface.
• Type B blood B-antigen on the surface.
• Type AB blood A-antigen and the B-antigen on
the surface.
• Type O blood has neither.
Blood Typing
• Antigens can stimulate the body's immune
system to create antibodies.
Blood Typing
• When testing an
individual's blood
type, the that react
with the antigens of
the red blood cells.
Blood Typing
Agglutination
reaction indicates that
the antigen in question
is present in the
patient's blood.
"clumping" can be
observed
Blood Typing
• Patient's blood is mixed with solutions of
known antibodies
• One determines the ABO grouping.
Blood Typing
Rh factor.
– Rh positive blood has the Rh antigen
– Rh negative blood lack the Rh antigen
Blood Transfusions
Transfusion reaction can lead to severe
inflammation, severe allergic reaction, organ
damage (especially the kidneys), or even
death
Blood Transfusions
• Ideally receive exactly the same blood type
Blood Transfusions
In an emergency. The following rules must be
followed:
– Rh negative must get Rh negative blood.
– Rh positive can get either Rh positive or Rh negative,
but ABO grouping needs to match.
– O blood must get O blood.
– AB blood may receive any of the ABO types, as long as
the Rh is compatible.
– O blood can be given to A, B, AB or O, as long as the
Rh is compatible.