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Age of Exploration So far in America • So far we have taken a look at the First Americans. • We know where they came from • We know how far they penetrated into North and South America. • We know some information about the diverse First American cultures that were here in preColombian times. 2 So far in America • We talked about how our exposure to the History of the United States would involve telling the story of the clash of cultures of The first Americans, Europeans, and Africans and how their interactions would play out. • The first Americans are here and we have to work our way to colonization. 3 The Age of Discovery • The great explorers and the “Age of Discovery” is where we have to go first. • How did the first Europeans and Africans come to arrive in the Americas? • What countries were behind the big push to the Americas? 4 Age of Exploration • Spain • England • France • Portugal 5 Age of Exploration • Spain – Gold Glory, and God • England – Gold and Glory • France - Gold • Portugal – Gold and Glory 6 Prince Henry of Portugal • He was born in Portugal in 1394 • He opened a school of navigation • He invented a new ship called the Caravel 7 Marco Polo • Inspired Age of Exploration • Wrote Marco Polo’s Travels about traveling to the court of Kublai Khan. • Marco Polo (1254-1324) He reached further than any of his predecessors, beyond Mongolia to China. He became a confidant of Kublai Khan (1214-1294). He traveled the whole of China and returned to tell the tale, which became the greatest travelogue ever. 8 Age of Exploration • Spain – Central America, West Coast South America • England – East Coast United States • France – Canada and Northern United States • Portugal - Brazil 9 Explorers • Spain – Columbus, Magellan, Cortez, Pizarro • England – Cabot, Sir Francis Drake • France - Cartier • Portugal - Diaz, Vasco Da Gama 10 Columbus Christopher Columbus departed on his first voyage from southern Spain, on August 3, 1492, in command of three ships: the Niña, the Pinta and the Santa Maria. He discovered the Island of San Salvador and other islands in the Caribbean on behalf of Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain. He was in search of a western trade route to India. They were wanting to out compete Portugal which had found an eastern route earlier. His voyages helped initiate trade pursuits on the part of multiple European powers to and from the “New World”. 11 Amerigo Vespucci • Amerigo Vespucci was one of the early explorers of the New World. • North and South America were named in his honor. • He went on at least two, and possibly four, voyages to Central and South America between 1497 and 1504 • he was one of the first to come up with the idea that these places he had visited were not part of Asia (as Columbus thought) but rather were part of a "New World." 12 Magellan Magellan's expedition of 1519– 1522 became the first expedition to sail from the Atlantic Ocean into the Pacific Ocean (then named "peaceful sea" by Magellan; the passage being made via the Strait of Magellan), and the first to cross the Pacific. It also completed the first circumnavigation of the Earth, 13 Cortez was a Spanish conquistador who led an expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec Empire and brought large portions of mainland Mexico under the rule of the King of Castile in the early 16th century. Cortés was part of the generation of Spanish colonizers that began the first phase of the Spanish colonization of the Americas. 14 Pizzarro Francisco Pizarro y González, 1st Marquess of los Atabillos (Spanish pronunciation: ; c. 1471 or 1476 – 26 June 1541) was a Spanish conquistador, conqueror of the Incan Empire and founder of Lima, the modern-day capital of Peru. 15 Cabot John Cabot Born c.1450 Genoa or Gaeta, Italy Died c.1499) was an Italian navigator and explorer whose 1497 discovery of North America is commonly held to be the second European voyage to the continent since Christopher Columbus a few years earlier. The official position of the Canadian and United Kingdom governments is that he landed on the island of Newfoundland 16 Sir Francis Drake Sir Francis Drake, Vice Admiral (1540 – 27 January 1596) was an English sea captain, privateer, navigator, slaver, a renowned pirate, and politician of the Elizabethan era. Elizabeth I of England awarded Drake a knighthood in 1581. He is famous for (among other things) leading the first English circumnavigation of the world, from 1577 to 1580. 17 JACQUES Cartier Jacques Cartier (December 31, 1491 – September 1, 1557) was a French explorer of Breton origin who claimed what is now Canada for France. He was the first European to describe and map[5] the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the shores of the Saint Lawrence River, which he named "The Country of Canadas", after the Iroquois names for the two big settlements he saw at Stadacona (Quebec City) and at Hochelaga (Montreal Island). 18 BARTOLOEMEU DiaS Bartolomeu Dias c. 1451 – 24 May 1500), a nobleman of the Portuguese royal household, was a Portuguese explorer who sailed around the southernmost tip of Africa in 1488, the first European known to have done so. 19 Vasco de Gama Vasco da Gama,was a Portuguese explorer, one of the most successful in the European Age of Discovery and the commander of the first ships to sail directly from Europe to India. For a short time in 1524 he was Governor of Portuguese India under the title of Viceroy. 20 Henry Hudson Henry Hudson (c. 1560/70s – 1611?) was an English sea explorer and navigator in the early 17th century. After several voyages on behalf of English merchants to explore a prospective Northeast Passage to India, Hudson explored the region around modern New York City while looking for a western route to Asia under the auspices of the Dutch East India Company. He explored the river which eventually was named for him, and laid thereby the foundation for Dutch colonization of the region. 21 Sieur de La Salle René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, or Robert de LaSalle (November 21, 1643 – March 19, 1687) was a French explorer. He explored the Great Lakes region of the United States and Canada, the Mississippi River, and the Gulf of Mexico. La Salle claimed the entire Mississippi River basin for France. 22 Ponce De Leon, Juan Ponce de León y Figueroa (1474 – July 1521) was a Spanish explorer. He became the first Governor of Puerto Rico by appointment of the Spanish crown. He led the first European expedition to Florida, which he named. He is associated with the legend of the Fountain of Youth, reputed to be in Florida. 23 Hernando de Soto Hernando de Soto (c.1496/1497–1542) was a Spanish explorer and conquistador who, while leading the first European expedition deep into the territory of the modern-day United States, was the first European documented to have crossed the Mississippi River. 24 Vasco Nunez de Balboa Vasco Núñez de Balboa (c. 1475 – January 15, 1519) was a Spanish explorer, governor, and conquistador. He is best known for having crossed the Isthmus of Panama to the Pacific Ocean in 1513, becoming the first European to lead an expedition to have seen or reached the Pacific from the New World. 25 Francisco Coronado Francisco Vásquez de Coronado y Luján (1510 – 22 September 1554) was a Spanish conquistador, who visited New Mexico and other parts of what are now the southwestern United States between 1540 and 1542. Coronado had hoped to conquer the mythical Seven Cities of Gold. 26 Giovanni da Verrrazano Giovanni da Verrazzano 1485–1528) was an Italian explorer of North America, in the service of the French crown. He is renowned as the first European since the Norse colonization of the Americas around AD 1000 to explore the Atlantic coast of North America between South and North Carolina and Newfoundland, including New York Harbor and Narragansett Bay in 1524. The bridge over the opening of New York harbor, a naval vessel of the Italian navy, a destroyer of the Navigatori class, are among his numerous eponymous honors. 27 Pedro de Alvares Cabral Pedro Álvares Cabral c. 1467 or 1468 – c. 1520) was a Portuguese noble, military commander, navigator and explorer. Cabral conducted the first substantial exploration of the northeast coast of South America and claimed it for Portugal. 28 Age of Exploration • France – Trading Partners • Portugal – Assimilated into Native Society; mestizo – person of European, African, and Indian Blood 29