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Medical Terminology
A Word-Building Approach
Seventh Edition
CHAPTER
16
Special Senses:
The Eye
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition
Jane Rice
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Learning Outcomes
• State the description and primary functions
of the eye.
• Analyze, build, spell, and pronounce
medical words.
• Comprehend the drugs highlighted in this
chapter.
• Describe diagnostic and laboratory tests
related to the eye.
• Identify and define selected abbreviations.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition
Jane Rice
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Multimedia Directory
Slide 6
Slide 10
Slide 35
Slide 36
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 50
Slide 52
Slide 65
Virtual Tour of the Eye Animation
Structures of the Eye Animation
Retina Animation
Rods and Cones Animation
Optic Nerve and Optic Disk Animation 1
Optic Nerve and Optic Disk Animation 2
Cataracts Video
Conjunctivitis Video
Macular Degeneration Video
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition
Jane Rice
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Anatomy and Physiology
Overview
• Eye
– Composed of special anatomical structures
that work together to facilitate sight:
 Cornea
 Pupil
 Lens
 Vitreous body
– Light stimulates sensory receptors (rods and
cones) in the retina or innermost layer of the
eye.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition
Jane Rice
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Anatomy and Physiology
Overview
• Vision is made possible through the
coordinated actions of nerves that control:
– the movement of the eyeball
– the amount of light admitted by the pupil
– the focusing of that light on the retina by the
lens
– the transmission of the resulting sensory
impulses to the brain by the optic nerve.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition
Jane Rice
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Virtual Tour of the Eye Animation
Click on the screenshot to view an animation of the tour of the eye.
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Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition
Jane Rice
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Insert table 16-1
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition
Jane Rice
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Insert table 16-1
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition
Jane Rice
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Figure 16.1
Internal structure of the eye.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition
Jane Rice
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Structures of the Eye Animation
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The animation may take a moment to begin playing.
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Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition
Jane Rice
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
External Structures of the Eye
• Orbit
– A cone-shaped cavity in the front of the skull
that contains the eyeball.
– Formed by the combination of several bones
and is lined with fatty tissue that cushions the
eyeball.
– This cavity has several foramina (openings)
through which blood vessels and nerves pass.
 Largest opening is the optic foramen for the optic
nerve and ophthalmic artery.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition
Jane Rice
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
External Structures of the Eye
• Muscles of the Eye
– Six eye muscles control the movement of the
eye.
– Four are rectus muscles, and two are oblique
muscles.
 Rectus muscles allow a person to see up, down,
right, and left.
 Oblique muscles allow the eyes to turn to see
upper left and upper right, lower left and lower
right.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition
Jane Rice
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
External Structures of the Eye
• Muscles of the Eye
– Eye muscles help maintain the shape of the
eyeball.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition
Jane Rice
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Figure 16.2
(A) Lateral view, left eye.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition
Jane Rice
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Figure 16.2 (continued)
(B) Anterior view, left eye.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition
Jane Rice
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
External Structures of the Eye
• Eyelids
– Protect the eyeball from:
 Intense light
 Foreign particles
 Impact
– Keep the eyeball’s surface lubricated and
free from dust and debris.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition
Jane Rice
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
External Structures of the Eye
• Eyelids
– Canthus
– Palpebral fissure
– Eyelashes
– Meibomian Glands
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition
Jane Rice
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
External Structures of the Eye
• Conjunctiva
– A mucous membrane that lines the underside
of each eyelid and reflects onto the anterior
portion of the eyeball.
– This membrane acts as a protective covering
for the exposed surface of the eyeball.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition
Jane Rice
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
External Structures of the Eye
• Lacrimal Apparatus
– Those structures that produce, store, and
remove the tears that cleanse and lubricate
the eye:
 Lacrimal gland
 Lacrimal canaliculi (ducts)
 Lacrimal sac
 Nasolacrimal duct
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition
Jane Rice
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Figure 16.3
Lacrimal glands and lacrimal canaliculi (ducts).
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition
Jane Rice
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
External Structures of the Eye
• Lacrimal Gland
– Located above the outer corner of the eye.
– Secretes tears through approximately 12
ducts onto the surface of the conjunctiva of
the upper lid.
– This fluid washes across the anterior surface
of the eye and is collected by the lacrimal
canaliculi (ducts).
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition
Jane Rice
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
External Structures of the Eye
• Lacrimal Canaliculi
– Two ducts at the inner corner of the eye that
collect tears and drain into the lacrimal sac.
• Lacrimal Sac
– The enlargement of the upper portion of the
lacrimal duct.
– Tears secreted by the lacrimal glands are
pulled into this sac and forced into the
nasolacrimal duct by the blinking action of the
eyelids.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition
Jane Rice
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
External Structures of the Eye
• Nasolacrimal duct
– The passageway draining lacrimal fluid into
the nose.
– The lacrimal sac is the enlarged upper portion
of this duct.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition
Jane Rice
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Life Span Considerations
• The eyes begin to develop as an
outgrowth of the forebrain in the 4-weekold embryo and are complete at 24 weeks.
• At 28 weeks, eyebrows and eyelashes are
present, and the eyelids open.
• The newborn can see, and visual acuity is
estimated to be around 20/400.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition
Jane Rice
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Life Span Considerations
• Most newborns appear to have crossed
eyes because their eye muscles are not
fully developed.
• At first, the eyes appear to be blue or gray.
• Permanent coloring becomes fixed
between 6 and 12 months of age.
• Tears do not appear until approximately 1
to 3 months because the lacrimal gland
ducts are immature.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition
Jane Rice
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Life Span Considerations
• Depth perception begins to develop
around 9 months of age.
• Visual acuity improves with age, and, by
the age of 2 or 3 years, it is around 20/30
or 20/20.
• Children are farsighted until about 5 years
of age.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition
Jane Rice
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Internal Structures of the Eye
• The eyeball, its various structures, and the
nerve fibers connecting it to the brain
make up the internal eye.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition
Jane Rice
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Internal Structures of the Eye
• Eyeball
– The organ of vision, globe shaped and divided
into two cavities:
 The ocular cavity
– The space in front of the lens.
– Further divided by the iris into anterior and posterior
chambers.
• Anterior chamber is filled with a watery fluid known as
the aqueous humor.
 A much larger cavity behind the lens is filled with a
jellylike material, the vitreous humor, which
maintains the eyeball’s spherical shape.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition
Jane Rice
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Internal Structures of the Eye
• Eyeball’s Outer Layer
– Composed of:
 Sclera, or white of the eye
 Cornea, or transparent anterior portion of the eye’s
fibrous outer surface.
– The curved surface of the cornea is important because it
bends light rays and helps to focus them on the surface of
the retina.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition
Jane Rice
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Internal Structures of the Eye
• Eyeball’s Middle Layer
– Known as the uvea, it lies just below the
sclera and consists of the:
 Iris
 Ciliary body
 Choroid
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition
Jane Rice
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Internal Structures of the Eye
• Middle Layer: Iris
– A colored membrane attached to the ciliary
body and suspended between the lens and
cornea in the aqueous humor.
– Has a circular opening in its center called the
pupil.
– Has two muscles that contract or dilate to
regulate the amount of light admitted by the
pupil.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition
Jane Rice
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Internal Structures of the Eye
• Middle Layer: Ciliary body
– A thickened portion of the vascular membrane
to which the iris is attached.
– Smooth muscle forming a part of the ciliary
body governs the convexity of the lens.
– Secretes aqueous humor that nourishes the
cornea, lens, and surrounding tissues.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition
Jane Rice
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Internal Structures of the Eye
• Middle Layer: Choroid
– A pigmented vascular membrane that
prevents internal reflection of light.
• Inner Layer
– The retina contains photoreceptive cells (rods
and cones) that translate light waves into
nerve impulses.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition
Jane Rice
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Figure 16.4
Retina as seen through an ophthalmoscope.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition
Jane Rice
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Retina Animation
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Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition
Jane Rice
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Rods and Cones Animation
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Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition
Jane Rice
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Internal Structures of the Eye
• Inner Layer
– Most of the approximately 6 million cone cells
are grouped into a small area called the
macula lutea.
– In the center of the macula lutea is a small
depression, the fovea centralis, which is the
central focusing point within the eye and
contains only cone cells.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition
Jane Rice
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Internal Structures of the Eye
• Inner Layer
– The eye contains approximately 120 million
rods that are sensitive to dim light.
– The rods contain rhodopsin, a pigment
necessary for night vision.
– Optic disk: the point at which nerve fibers from
the retina converge to form the optic nerve.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition
Jane Rice
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Internal Structures of the Eye
• Inner Layer
– Blind spot: the absence of rods and cones in
the area of the optic disk creates a blind spot
on the retina’s surface; the only part of the
retina that is insensitive to light.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition
Jane Rice
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Optic Nerve and Optic Disk
Animation 1
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Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition
Jane Rice
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Optic Nerve and Optic Disk
Animation 2
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Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition
Jane Rice
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Internal Structures of the Eye
• Lens
– A colorless crystalline body biconvex in shape
and enclosed in a transparent capsule.
– Suspended by ligaments just behind the iris.
– Contraction and relaxation of the ciliary
muscle control the tension of the suspensory
ligaments to change the shape of the lens.
– The function of the lens is to sharpen the
focus of light on the retina.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition
Jane Rice
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Internal Structures of the Eye
• Lens
– Accommodation keeps the image in the same
place on both retinae by combining changes
in:
 The size of the pupil.
 The curvature of the lens.
 The convergence of the optic axes.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition
Jane Rice
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
How Sight Occurs
• Light rays strike the eye and pass through
the cornea, pupil, aqueous humor, lens,
and vitreous humor.
• Light rays then reach the retina and
stimulate rods and cones.
• An upside-down image is relayed along
nerve impulses to the optic nerve.
• The images are transferred to the brain,
which turns the images right-side-up.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition
Jane Rice
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Figure 16.5
Light entering the eye.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition
Jane Rice
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 16.6
Image inverted on the retina.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition
Jane Rice
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Audio Pronunciations
•
•
•
•
•
Accommodation
Amblyopia
Anisocoria
Aphakia
Astigmatism
a- = lack of, without
stigmat = point
-ism = condition
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition
Jane Rice
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Audio Pronunciations
•
•
•
•
•
•
Bifocal
Blepharitis
Blepharoptosis
Cataract
Chalazion
Choroiditis
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition
Jane Rice
blephar/o = eyelid
-ptosis = prolapse,
drooping
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Figure 16.7
Cataract of the right eye.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition
Jane Rice
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Cataracts Video
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Jane Rice
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Audio Pronunciations
•
•
•
•
•
Conjunctivitis
Corneal
Corneal transplant
Cryosurgery
Cycloplegia
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition
Jane Rice
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Conjunctivitis Video
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Jane Rice
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Audio Pronunciations
•
•
•
•
•
•
Dacryoma
Diplopia
Electroretinogram
Emmetropia
Entropion
Enucleation
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition
Jane Rice
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Figure 16.8
Visual abnormalities. (A) In normal vision, the lens focuses the visual image on the
retina. Common problems with the accommodation mechanism involve
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition
Jane Rice
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Figure 16.8
Visual abnormalities. (B) myopia, the inability to lengthen the focal distance enough
to focus the image of a distant object on the retina and
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition
Jane Rice
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Figure 16.8
Visual abnormalities. (C) hyperopia, the inability to shorten the focal distance
adequately for nearby objects. These conditions can be corrected by placing
appropriately shaped lenses in front of the eyes.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition
Jane Rice
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Figure 16.8
Visual abnormalities. (D) Diverging lens is used to correct myopia and
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition
Jane Rice
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Figure 16.8
Visual abnormalities. (E) converging lens is used to correct hyperopia.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition
Jane Rice
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Audio Pronunciations
•
•
•
•
•
•
Esotropia
Exotropia
Glaucoma
Gonioscope
Hemianopia
Hyperopia
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition
Jane Rice
hyper- = beyond
-opia = sight, vision
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 16.9
In glaucoma, the accumulation of aqueous humor in the anterior chamber of the eye
causes pressure to build, resulting in eventual loss of vision. (A) and (B) show two
forms of glaucoma
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition
Jane Rice
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Figure 16.9
In glaucoma, the accumulation of aqueous humor in the anterior chamber of the eye
causes pressure to build, resulting in eventual loss of vision. (A) and (B) show two
forms of glaucoma
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition
Jane Rice
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Figure 16.9
In glaucoma, (C ) shows the narrowing of the optic field that is a typical symptom of
untreated glaucoma.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition
Jane Rice
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Audio Pronunciations
•
•
•
•
•
•
Intraocular
Iridectomy
Iridocyclitis
Keratitis
Keratoconjunctivitis
Keratoplasty
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition
Jane Rice
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Audio Pronunciations
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Lacrimal
Laser
Macular degeneration
Microlens
Miotic
Mydriatic
Myopia
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition
Jane Rice
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Macular Degeneration Video
Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of macular degeneration.
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Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition
Jane Rice
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Life Span Considerations
• Macular degeneration
– An incurable, age-related, progressive eye
disease that affects more than 10 million
Americans.
– Leading cause of blindness for those ages 55
and older.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition
Jane Rice
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Life Span Considerations
• Macular degeneration
– For the first time, researchers have linked
gene defects to macular degeneration.
 Could lead to the ability to identify people at high
risk for the disorder and perhaps to ways to treat or
prevent vision loss.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition
Jane Rice
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Life Span Considerations
• Stargardt’s disease
– Also known as juvenile macular degeneration.
– An inherited disease that usually manifests
itself between the ages of 7 and 12.
– Believed to cause the eye’s central vision to
deteriorate because the rod cells just outside
the macula erode, which eventually harms the
retinal pigment epithelium (RPE).
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition
Jane Rice
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Life Span Considerations
• Stargardt’s disease
– As the RPE fails, the disease can spread to
the macula’s cone cells, causing the
characteristic loss of central vision.
– Vision loss is usually slow until the 20/40 level
and then rapidly progresses to the 20/200
level.
– Unfortunately, in some cases, vision can
degenerate to 10/200 in a period of months.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition
Jane Rice
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Life Span Considerations
• Stargardt’s disease
– Peripheral vision generally remains.
– Presently, there is no cure or effective
treatment.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition
Jane Rice
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Audio Pronunciations
•
•
•
•
•
•
Nyctalopia
Nystagmus
Ocular
Ocular fundus
Ophthalmologist
Ophthalmology
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition
Jane Rice
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Audio Pronunciations
•
•
•
•
•
•
Ophthalmoscope
Optic
Optician
Optometrist
Optomyometer
Orthoptics
opt/o = eye
my/o = muscle
-meter = instrument to
measure
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition
Jane Rice
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 16.10
Use of an ophthalmoscope to examine the interior of the eye.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition
Jane Rice
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Audio Pronunciations
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Phacoemulsification
Phacolysis
Phacosclerosis
Photocoagulation
Photophobia
Presbyopia
Pupillary
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition
Jane Rice
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Figure 16.11
Phacoemulsification is used to remove the cataract, then an artificial lens is
implanted.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition
Jane Rice
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 16.11 (continued)
Phacoemulsification is used to remove the cataract, then an artificial lens is
implanted.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition
Jane Rice
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Figure 16.11 (continued)
Phacoemulsification is used to remove the cataract, then an artificial lens is
implanted.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition
Jane Rice
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Audio Pronunciations
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Radial keratotomy
Retinal detachment
Retinitis
Retinitis pigmentosa
Retinoblastoma
Retinopathy
Retrolental fibroplasia
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition
Jane Rice
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Figure 16.12
Retinal detachment.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition
Jane Rice
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Figure 16.13
Appearance of the ocular fundus in diabetic retinopathy. (Courtesy of the National
Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health)
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition
Jane Rice
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Audio Pronunciations
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Scleritis
Strabismus
Sty(e)
Tonography
Tonometer
Trichiasis
Trifocal
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition
Jane Rice
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Figure 16.14
Schiötz tonometer for measuring intraocular pressure.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition
Jane Rice
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Audio Pronunciations
•
•
•
•
Uveal
Uveitis
Xenophthalmia
Xerophthalmia
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition
Jane Rice
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Drug Highlights
• Drugs used to treat glaucoma: Either
increase the outflow of aqueous humor,
decrease its production, or produce both
of these actions.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition
Jane Rice
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Drug Highlights
• Drugs used to treat glaucoma
– Prostaglandin analogues
– Adrenergic drugs
– Alpha antagonist
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition
Jane Rice
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Drug Highlights
• Drugs used to treat glaucoma
– Beta blockers
– Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
– Cholinergic (miotic)
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition
Jane Rice
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Drug Highlights
• Drugs used to treat glaucoma
– Cholinesterase
– Combination of beta blocker and carbonic
anhydrase inhibitor
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition
Jane Rice
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Drug Highlights
• Mydriatics: Agents used to dilate the pupil.
– Anticholinergics
– Sympathomimetics
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition
Jane Rice
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Drug Highlights
• Antibiotics
– Used to treat infectious diseases, especially
those caused by bacteria. Can be in the form
of an ointment, cream, or solution.
– Antifungal Agents
– Antiviral Agents
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition
Jane Rice
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Diagnostic and Lab Tests
• Color vision tests
– Use of polychromatic (multicolored) charts or
an anomaloscope (a device for detecting color
blindness) to assess an individual’s ability to
recognize differences in color.
• Exophthalmometry
– Process of measuring the forward protrusion
of the eye via an exophthalmometer.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition
Jane Rice
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Figure 16.15
Color vision chart. A person who is color blind will not see the number 27 in the
circle.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition
Jane Rice
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Diagnostic and Lab Tests
• Gonioscopy
– Examination of the anterior chamber of the
eye via a gonioscope.
• Keratometry
– Process of measuring the cornea via a
keratometer.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition
Jane Rice
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Diagnostic and Lab Tests
• Ocular ultrasonography
– Use of high-frequency sound waves (via a
small probe placed on the eye) to measure for
intraocular lenses and to detect orbital and
periorbital lesions.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition
Jane Rice
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Diagnostic and Lab Tests
• Ophthalmoscopy
– Examination of the interior of the eyes via an
ophthalmoscope.
• Tonometry
– Measurement of the intraocular pressure of
the eye via a tonometer.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition
Jane Rice
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Diagnostic and Lab Tests
• Visual acuity
– Acuteness or sharpness of vision.
– A Snellen eye chart can be used to test it; the
patient reads letters of various sizes from a
distance of 20 feet. Normal vision is 20/20.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition
Jane Rice
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Figure 16.16
Test of distance vision using the Snellen eye chart.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition
Jane Rice
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Abbreviations
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition
Jane Rice
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Combining Form Match Up Quiz
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
ambly/o
anis/o
goni/o
orth/o
presby/o
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh Edition
Jane Rice
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
angle
unequal
straight
old
dull
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.