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Evolutionary Human Behavior Social Man Evolution • Genetic mutations create comparative advantages and disadvantages with regard to environmental adaption and hence to survival. • Natural selection, therefore,leads to differential reproduction and a gradual change in population characteristics. Epigenetics • The integration of nature and nurture. • Gene expression modified by experience. • Genes turned on and off. • Critical periods. (bonding) Evolutionary Levels of The Brain • Brainstem- Regulation of sleep, cardiac and respiratory function “The Fish Brain”-(Survival, feeding and reproduction instincts) • Limbic System- Emotion and instinctive behavior “The Reptile Brain” • Cerebral Cortex- Higher perceptual and cognitive function. Use the past for the future. “The Human Brain” Evolutionary Emotions • Reptilian- Fight or flight • Mammals- Anger, fear, loneliness, joy. • Humans- Optimism, relief, envy, hope, scorn, contempt. • Concept of the color wheel. Human Advantages • • • • • • • Language ( verbal and nonverbal) Group cooperation. Future projection and planning. Theory of Mind. Innovation and collective knowledge. Emotional control. Manuel dexterity. Neurotransmitters-Monoamines • Modulate and regulate-primitive origin • Dopamine- pleasure, motivation, automatic muscle activity, sleep,sequencing. Excess in Schizophrenia. Deficit in Parkinsonism • Norepinepherine- arousal, autonomic function, decrease associated with depression. Fight and Flight • Serotonin- mood, associated with depression, anxiety control and migraine • Acetylcholine- Attention and muscle transmission. Alzheimer’s. Neurotransmitters- Amino Acids • GABA- Inhibitory in cortex, enhance in epilepsy treatment.Stimulated by alcohol and barbituates. • Glutamine- Major excitatory transmitter Reciprocal of GABA Long-term Potentiation(Neuroplasticity) Excess release in anoxia damages cells Limbic Functions • Regulates instinctual behavior, emotion, motivational drive, and memory. • Primary emotions of fear, anger, sorrow, joy and disgust. • Primary drives of hunger, thirst, sex, defense and aggression. Prefrontal Cortex- Behavior • Dorolateral- Executive, working memory, planning and organization • Orbitofrontal- Inhibition, interface between emotional input and social rules. • Medial- Motivation, spontaneity and conflict resolution. Selfish Gene - Primal • Bodies die. Genes live. • Investment in genetic relationship. Kinship and inheritance. • No natural selection post reproductive age. i.e. aging. • Individual advantage (cheating) vs.common good (cooperation) Reciprocal Altruism- Social • Cooperation brings long term gain. • Increased survival, praise, and status • Division of labor. • Animals keep score (grooming, sex, and food) Brain as a Survival Tool • Generalization and simplification-integrate the present with the past to predict the future. • Patternicity • Reductionism- Categorize. “Get the gist” • Cause and effect. False positive better than false negative. • Dualism-right v.wrong, good v.evil, us v.them. (Parietal lobe) • Positive self-image. Categorical Thinking • Organize and compartmentalize information • Left hemisphere interpreter: Find order out of chaos. • Dualism: Basic approach and avoidance. • Dichotomize: good-bad, right-wrong. • Evolutionary need to see the big picture. • Distorts our ability to see differences at the boundaries. Ex# the spectrum of color. Decision Making • Motivation: food, sex, and security. • Conflict resolution: desire v. caution, pain v. pleasure, curiosity v. fear. • Nucleus accumbens ( approach ) and Amygdala ( avoidance ) • Background mood: Serotonin, Oxytocin or Testosterone. • Conflict detection: Anterior Cingulate. Humans-Social Animals • Survival- A social imperative (food & predators) • Evolutionary origins • Morality = Behaviors which promote social cohesion.(Murder,adultery,Golden Rule) • Reciprocity i.e..give and take • Cooperation ( common good) and cheating (individual advantage) Primary vs.Social Emotions • Hardwired- Anger, fear, happiness, and disgust - primarily right hemisphere. • Social-Pride, embarrassment, guilt and shame - primarily left hemisphere. Emotions • Color wheelcombine primary emotions ( fear, anger, happy, sad) • Shy, contempt, shame and guilt. • Control and variation of degree Mirror Systems • Medial prefrontal. • Imitation basis of early learning. • MimicryUnconscious imitation (yawning) • Emotional contagion (Anterior insula) Theory of Mind • • • • • • • Middle frontal and parietal lobe. Develop in children by age 3. Understand what others are experiences. Basis of empathy. Facial and body mimicry. ? Origins of morality- The Golden Rule. Seeing the world as a first as well as a third person.