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US Policy Prior to WWII Good Neighbor Policy 1. Secretary of State Cordell Hull agreed w/ Latin/American nations that no nation has the right to intervene in the affairs of another nation. 2. 1934 the Platt Amendment is abrogated with Cuba. 3. Roosevelt continues removing troops from Haiti. 4. Agree not to intervene in Panama in 1936 and the Dominican Republic. 5. 1938 Mexico expropriates more American oil properties, with payment to be worked out in 1942. 6. After war breaks out in Europe in 1939, Latin American countries and US agree to Havana Act of 1940—attack on one is attack on all. Philippine Independence 1. 1934 sees the Tydings-McDuffie Act passed which provided for independence after a ten-year period and gradual withdrawal of tariff concessions. 2. July 4, 1946 the Philippines given independence under a treaty that permitted the US to retain air and naval bases there. American Neutrality (Isolationism) 1. Kellogg-Briand Pact 62 nations sign a “paper agreement” not to go to war and to settle all future disputes by peaceful means. Problem—No Consequences! 2. Stimson Doctrine In reaction to Japanese invasion of Manchuria (1931) Secretary of State Henry Stimpson creates a doctrine that said that the United States would not recognize any territorial gain made by force (another paper agreement). Japan doesn’t care! 3. Neutrality Acts 1935,36,37 Created from the Nye Committee. If the President says that a state of war exists between two countries the U.S. can’t: a. Sell war materiel to belligerents. Also banned travel of Americans on belligerents ships. b.Loan money to belligerents. c. Also included Civil Wars (in response to Spanish Civil War). American Neutrality continued 1. Quarantine Speech “[It} joins in a quarantine of the patients (Japan, Germany, Italy) in order to protect the health of the community against the spread of the disease.” Main Idea- Do not have anything to do with either of these three countries and they will go away. Aggression in Asia 1. Panay Incident a. In 1937 the Japanese challenged the US deliberately by bombing the American gunboat USS Panay in China. Japan apologizes, but had demonstrated that she could get away with the attack. Time Line of Events leading to World War II 1931 1933 1934 1935 1936 1938 1939 1940 by 1941 September January March October March October March September March April August September November June September December Japan invades Manchuria Hitler becomes chancellor of Germany Germany begins to rearm. Italy invades Ethiopia Germany reoccupies the Rhineland Germany and Italy form the Axis Powers Germany occupies Austria Germany takes the Sudetenland in the Munich Pact Germany takes Czechoslovakia Italy invades Albania Germany and USSR sign non-aggression pact Germany invades Poland; France and Britain declare war on Germany. Soviet Union attacks Finland Italy declares war on Britain and France; three-fifths of France is occupied Germany The US begins a military draft (peacetime) Japan attacks Pearl Harbor; US declares war on Japan, Germany and Italy Time Line of Events leading to World War II 1931 September Japan invades Manchuria 1933 January Hitler becomes chancellor of Germany 1934 March Germany begins to rearm. 1935 October Italy invades Ethiopia 1936 March October Germany reoccupies the Rhineland Germany and Italy form the Axis Powers 1938 March September Germany occupies Austria Germany takes the Sudetenland in the Munich Pact The Japanese Invasion of China, 1937 The Rape of Nanjing The “Problem” of the Sudetenland Appeasement: The Munich Agreement, 1938 British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain Now we have “peace in our time!” Herr Hitler is a man we can do business with. Czechoslovakia Becomes Part of the Third Reich: 1939 Rome-Berlin Axis, 1939 The “Pact of Steel” The Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact, 1939 Foreign Ministers von Ribbentrop & Molotov 1939 March April August Germany takes Czechoslovakia Italy invades Albania Germany and USSR sign non-aggression pact September Germany invades Poland; France and Britain declare war on Germany. November Soviet Union attacks Finland 1940 June September 1941 December Italy declares war on Britain and France; three-fifths of France is occupied by Germany The US begins a military draft (peacetime) Japan attacks Pearl Harbor; US declares war on Japan, Germany and Italy The Start of the War in Europe September 1, 1939 – Hitler invades Poland September 3, 1939 – Britain and France declare war on Germany. World War II begins. Blitzkrieg (Lightning War) Dive-bombers destroying Polish airfields and smashing large cities, disrupting communications and creating general confusion. Tanks Bombers were followed by mechanized panzer divisions. Then 2 million troops. Polish resistance was over in less than a month. Sitzkrieg (sit down war—phony war) From October 1939 to April 9, 1940 the Germans waited for world reaction, rearmed and got ready for a spring continuation of aggression. The Germans also build the Sigfried Line (Atlantic Wall) to prevent invasion from enemies. Not really going to be used because of the German strength in their spring military campaign. Nazi’s spring campaign of April 1940 The Germans will head North and take Denmark, Norway, Sweden. Invasion Reminder: of France France had built the Maginot Line to prevent invasion, but forgot about the Belgium—again. They thought that Rhineland would protect them, but Hitler had remilitarized it in 1936—Hello!!! Invasion of France The Germans come from the North and East and push the French back at almost every campaign. The French had to be rescued at Dunkirk. This was a major evacuation from Dunkirk to England (300,000 troops) across the English Channel. (Big Mistake by the Germans) “Wars are not won by evacuations. We shall fight on the seas and oceans, we shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air, we shall defend our island, whatever the cost may be, we shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing-grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills; we shall never surrender.” Winston Churchill—British Prime Minister Germans continue to push towards Paris. The French resistance lasted about a month. France is occupied by June 14, 1940. Invasion of France Three-Fifths of France is occupied by Germany (2/5 to Vichy Government—pro-Nazi Gov’t) Reasons for French quick loss Did not build up their strength between the wars. German manpower, leadership and esprit de corps. The French were beaten before they began (élon is gone). Battle of Britain (July 1940 – June 1941) Battle of Britain will be an air campaign meant to break the spirit of the British people (similar to Battle of the Somme). The Luftwaffe will bomb London and England trying to force the British people to surrender. They wanted to see if this could work before they invaded the country of Great Britain. Britain had not been invaded since the Normans in 1066. Why— because you must have a strong navy and a lot of men on transport ships. Battle of Britain (July 1940 – June 1941) The German invasion was supposed to take place on August of 1940. Hitler puts it off until September, but weather stops it and he delays the invasion for the rest of the year (mistake). (Operation Sea Lion—code name for German invasion) Britain will then be reinforced by the lend-lease acts (supplies from the US—except soldiers) and Churchill leads the successful resistance against the Germans. Hitler as Napoleon—June 22, 1941 Hitler and Nazi Germany invade the USSR (Operation Barbarrosa) and begins to take large amounts of land. This surprises many nations, but this is a Soviet strategy. The Soviets fight and retreat, fight and retreat. They use a scorched earth policy (burn and destroy anything that can be used for supplies) as they retreated. This leaves the Nazis deep in the USSR w/o supplies. Then the Russian Winter sets in and now this battle becomes a war of attrition (Hitler was not prepared for this type of battle). Stalingrad—August 1942 to January 1943 The town of (Tsaritzin) where Stalin defeated armies during the Russian Civil War was renamed Stalingrad once he came to power. Hitler desperately wanted Stalingrad. Sent 330,000 troops (6th army which took Holland and Belgium) Germans flatten ¾ of the city in a single day, but Russians don’t give up. This flattening actually helps the Russians by making the streets impassable (tanks have a hard time getting into the city). It now becomes a war fought from block to block, house to house, and room to room. The Russians encircle the Germans and cut off their supplies lines. The Germans will lose over 288,000 soldiers. The Russians kill three out of every four Germans in WWII (probably the most responsible for the victory in Europe). Stalingrad was one of the great turning points not only of the war but of world history. If the Germans would have taken Stalingrad they would have moved into Asia and the rich oil fields in the Middle East. After this battle, Germany was put on the defensive in Eastern Europe. This battle is the turning point on the Eastern Front Summary The of the Invasion of USSR invasion of the Soviet Union is the great mistake by Adolf Hitler. He breaks the Hitler-Stalin pact by invading the USSR because they are communist and his hatred for the Jews (there are over 1.5 million Jews). Don’t be fooled. Stalin didn’t like the Jews either. Communism is atheistic. Hitler make another tragic mistake when he asks the Japanese to attack the US. Now he is fighting a two front war and has invited the US to the fight (thought the US could not fight in both oceans successfully). It takes another 4 years to defeat the Germans (this shows how powerful they actually were. World War II Conferences Atlantic Charter – Roosevelt and Churchill --Roosevelt and Churchill meet in secret to discuss the outline for the final destruction of the Nazis (war aims). --It also laid the foundation of the present day United Nations (international peace organization) --No pursuit of territorial gains; nations can choose their form of government; freedom of international trade; both supported freedom of seas; both sought disarmament of the aggressors; sought to promote “freedom from fear and want” throughout the world. Teheran – 1st conference of the Big Three (Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin). Discusses the invasion of Western Europe. Roosevelt says that “Uncle Joe” is now a great ally). Yalta – Last meeting of the Big Three --The leaders agreed that the German and Japanese leaders would be tried as war criminals. --The United Nations would be established. --The Soviet Union agreed to enter the war against Japan after Germany’s surrender. (really don’t want them involved against Japan) World War II Conferences (continued) Potsdam – Truman, Stalin, and Churchill/Attlee --British people give the boot to Churchill. They see him as a war monger (shows how people can be fickle). --They discuss the plan for division of Germany --Stalin reveals his plan to deny free elections in Eastern Europe. Truman now sees that “Uncle Joe” will have to be dealt with as an adversary. Operation Torch – Take back of Africa (Nov. 8th 1942 – May 20th 1943) US is defeated in the battle at Kasserine Pass (Tunisia) by the Afrika Korps of the German army. This is the 1st battle against the Germans. We look to our pool of US Generals for a leader to bring victory over Erwin Rommel (German tank commander—Desert Fox). The US finds their answer in George S. Patton. Along with Montgomery (British), Patton will defeat the Germans and at the Battle of El Alamein in Egypt and the allies push the Germans northward toward Italy. Move Allied North into Italy troops move north, taking Sicily in 39 days and Italy by September 1943. Mussolini and his mistress are killed and strung up by piano wire in Rome by the Italians. Hitler begins to get nervous about a possible defeat. Operation Overlord – The Beginning of the End for Nazi Germany The invasion of Normandy, France (June 6, 1944) will be the turning point on the Western Front. This will be the largest amphibious landing ever attempted. Dwight Eisenhower (Supreme Allies Commander in Europe) was major player behind this plan. After the Nazis fail to hold the American and allied forces from taking Paris, an assassination attempt is made on Hitler’s life (unsuccessful—but Rommel—Desert Fox is behind the assassination and is forced to commit suicide). Battle of the Bulge (Hitler’s last stance) Fought in Belgium in the Ardennes Forest (December 16, 1944 – January 31, 1945). Hitler directed his last reserves to attack the Allies to the Ardennes Forest. Hitler was trying to push the allies back out of France. The battle is named after the dent made by the Germans, but the allied lines didn’t break and after the defeat the Germans are going to be pushed back to Berlin. Eisenhower’s Eisenhower Mistake decided to let the Soviet Union take Berlin because of the amount of casualties which they had sustained (20 million). The Russians went on a rape and pillage campaign of Berlin (revenge for breaking the Hitler-Stalin Pact). End of WWII Franklin Roosevelt will die in late April of 1945 (Harry Truman becomes President). Hitler thinks that this is a sign that he is now going to win the war, but 17 days later he will commit suicide in his bunker in Berlin (gets married, shoots dog, Eva Braun takes cyanide capsule, then Hitler takes capsule and shoots himself). Soviets take remains back to USSR. Germany But, surrenders on May 8, 1945 (V-E Day) Victory in Europe the war in the Pacific is still being waged. The War in the Pacific Pearl Harbor – December 7, 1941 US was unprepared for the attack because they thought the Japanese would continue w/ current negotiations. Germany and Japan thought the US couldn’t fight in both oceans and be successful. Big Mistake! Japanese Internment Camps Japanese-Americans were placed in internment camps because US gov’t thought they were still loyal to Japan Executive Order 9066 suspended the civil rights of Japanese Americans (instituted by FDR). Women in the Workforce There was a great need for women in the workforce because of the lack of males created by the war. Rosie the Riveter became the symbol of women in the workforce. Civil Rights and WWII Langston Hughes Poem: Looky here, America—What you done, done—Let things drift until the riots come….Yet you say we’re fighting for democracy. Then why don’t democracy include me?.....I ask you this question cause I want to know……How long I got to fight both Hitler and Jim Crow African Americans created the Double V program. This meant victory over Hitler and Jim Crow laws. War in the Pacific timeline September 27, 1940: --German-Italian-Japanese Tripartite Pact signed. 10 year agreement. October 11, 1940: --General Hideki Tojo becomes Premier of Japan. In charge of Japan’s armed forces. December 7-8, 1941: --Pearl Harbor; Japanese landing in Thailand, Malaya and Wake Island (US Marines have 1st victory). January – April 1942: --Japan conquers vast number of islands in the Pacific. April 18, 1942 --Doolittle Raid on Tokyo. US touches Japan which was thought to be untouchable.. War in the Pacific timeline--continued May 4-9, 1942: Battle of the Coral Sea --Island Hopping campaign to Tokyo begins.. June 4, 1942: Battle of Midway --For the 1st time in three centuries Japan’s navy tasted defeat. Largest Japanese fleet to date prepares to fight (200 ships). Japan depended on US to react as usual (late arrival after attack had begun). US had broken Japanese code and knew their plan of attack. Stunning defeat for the Japanese and Admiral Yamamoto. ***Midway is the turning point in the Pacific because the United States takes the offensive.*** August 7. 1942: Guadalcanal --Attack to prevent American supply lines from being cut. US victorious, but with a lot of casualties. War in the Pacific timeline--continued February 19, 1945: Iwo Jima (Sulfur Island) --Most important island to Japanese, because it is the start of the Japanese islands owned prior to WWII. --At least 3,650 Marines were killed or wounded in the 1st two days of fighting. --In the end 4,189 Americans would die and 20,196 wounded. --21,000+ Japanese killed—200 taken prisoner. --Iwo Jima becomes an airstrip for US planes to strike Tokyo. The Battle for Okinawa will be the hardest fought and have the most casualties in the Pacific. US CASUALTIES JAPANESE CASUALTIES Killed: 12,250 Killed: 109,629 (estimate) Wounded: 36,361 POWs: 7,821 30 Ships Sunk Yamato (ship) sunk; 3,500 kamikazes destroyed 223 Ships Damaged Operation Suicide--Kamikazes --For the first time in history a nation at war used suicide as an official military weapon and called upon its warriors to go into combat with the prospect of certain death. August 6, 1945: Hiroshima --Only three men aboard the Enola Gay were fully aware of the nature of the mission. The one bomb, had in its destructive force an equivalent of 20,000 tons of T.N.T. It descended five miles by parachute, imploded then exploded before it landed, and left no crater. 78,000 were killed outright, and more than 10,000 were never found, and 37,000 were injured. --Japan denounced the attack at “inhuman” and “barbaric”. --Japan will be given ultimatum for surrender (surrender or face complete and utter destruction), but they ignore it. August 9, 1945: Nagasaki --US drops the second Atomic bomb on Japan. --Both Hiroshima and Nagasaki were military installations. We could have dropped the bomb on Tokyo killing millions, but Victory in Japan we wanted to end the war quickly. --Japan surrenders on August 15, 1945, (V-J day) “I certainly regret the necessity of wiping out whole populations because of the ‘pigheadedness’ of the leaders of a nation…My object is to save as many American lives as possible… Harry Truman – US President Significance of WWII --4X the death toll of WWI (1/2 the casualties are women/children). American death toll = 405,000 (second only to Am. Civil War)—Russian casualties = 20,000,000. --Holocaust: 6 million Jews and 5 million Gentiles are killed --Nuremberg Trials – War crime trials after WWII. Germans are tried on charges of waging an aggressive war against the civilian population—crimes against humanity. There are trials in Japan, but they don’t get the stigma like the Germans. --United Nations is created. Security Council oversees any international problem. Any “Big Five country” (US, China, Russia, Britain, France) country can veto any decisions made by the council. --After WWII the US is now a global power and nuclear power and becomes prosperous because of the need for a strong military. The US does not return to their isolationist policies like prior to WWII. --Women and Minorities begin to achieve more rights after WWII because of their involvement and participation in the war effort. It will take a while, and after a long struggle, they will see more equality in the United States. For 44 months over 350 US soldiers will be killed everyday in WWII. Do you think that the American people would have been able to fight this war knowing this statistic?