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GAP Toolkit 5 Training in basic drug abuse data management and analysis Training session 4 Types of question and types of variable Objectives • Define a range of classifications for questions and variables • Discuss the use of levels of measurement in defining variables in SPSS Types of question • Closed, open • “Factual” and attitudinal Closed questions • The respondent selects from a list of mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive answers • The answers are pre-coded Example • Has the patient been in treatment prior to this episode? Yes (1) No (0) Example • In the last 30 days, how many times (if any) have you had 5 or more drinks in a row? None 1 2 3-5 6-9 10 or more “Other” Category • • • • An option on all but the simplest closed questions Ensures the list of options are exhaustive Allows flexibility in response Post-coded rather than pre-coded Example • Type of centre: Specialized treatment centre Therapeutic community General hospital Psychiatric hospital/unit Other (specify): ………………………….. Dichotomous questions • A subset of closed questions • There are only two possible answers • The answers are mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive Examples 1. Gender: Male Female 2. Has the patient been in treatment prior to this episode? Yes No Multiple-response questions • The question allows more than one response • The categories are not mutually exclusive • Frequently, a grouping of dichotomous closed questions Example • Mode of ingestion of primary substance (X all that apply): Swallow Smoke Snort Inject Other (specify): ………………………………. Likert Scales • A type of closed question • Designed to measure attitudes Example • Do you disapprove of people doing each of the following: – Trying marijuana once or twice Don’t approve Disapprove Strongly disapprove Don’t know – Smoking marijuana occasionally • (options repeated) Open questions • There are no constraints on the respondent’s answer • The answers cannot be predicted before the questionnaires are presented • The answers must be coded after the questionnaires are collected Examples 1. 2. 3. Q30. Which new drugs or new patterns of use have been reported? Q13. Indicate primary substance of abuse, that is, the most frequently used Other (specify): …………………….. Exercise: discussion • Do Open or Closed questions appear more frequently in the questionnaires used by your specific focal group? Give reasons/possible explanations for these choices. Response types • Factual/attitudinal • Direct/indirect Types of variable • Levels of measurement • Types of variation • Categorical vs. continuous Levels of measurement • • • • Nominal Ordinal Interval Ratio Nominal • The data describe an attribute • The set of possible values the variable can contain are mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive categories • The categories cannot be objectively measured against each other Examples: nominal data • • • • • Gender: male and female Location: urban and rural Religion: Christian, Hindu, Muslim, Jew Race: white, black, coloured, mixed Referral source: self, employer, court Ordinal • The data are broken into categories that can be ranked • It is not possible to quantify the difference between the categories Example: ordinal • Level of education: None Primary Secondary Tertiary Interval • The data are measured on a continuous scale, not simply ranked • The units of measurement are constant • There is no absolute 0 Example: interval • Temperature: – Fahrenheit or Celsius • Measured on a continuous scale • No absolute 0 Ratio • The data are measured on a continuous scale, not simply ranked • The units of measurement are constant • There is an absolute 0 Examples: ratio • Age • Income • Temperature on the Kelvin Scale Types of variation • Nominal: equal categories • Ordinal: ordered categories • Interval and ratio: a continuous scale Types of variation • Qualitative: nominal • Quantitative: interval and ratio • Quantitative and qualitative: ordinal Exercise: identify the levels of measurement • • • • • • Name of treatment centre Referral source Gender Age Home language Region of permanent residence • Highest level of education completed • Employment status • Current marital status • How old was the patient when they first began using drugs regularly? Level of measurement in SPSS • Nominal • Ordinal • Scale Exercise: measure • Return to Ex1.sav and set the level of measurement for the variables ID, DRUG, AGE and COND • Save the file Summary • Question types: – Closed/Open – Factual/Attitudinal • Variable types: – Levels of measurement – Discrete (categorical)/continuous – Quantitative/qualitative