Download Key - Madison County Schools

1st 9 Weeks Objective Review
Inquiry Objectives
1a. Design, conduct, and analyze conclusions from an investigation that includes using experimental controls.
1) Give a description for each element of a lab write-up.
a. Question- A scientific question is one that is precise, or stated exactly. It is a question that can be
answered through observation, measurement, testing, or analysis of research.
b. Hypothesis- A possible answer to a scientific question.
c. Independent (manipulated) variable- The factor the scientist manipulates, or changes.
d. Dependent (responding) variable- The factor that changes in response to the independent variable.
e. Controlled variables- The substances used as reactants, the balance used to measure the masses, and
the container used to hold substances. These are the variables that you keep the same during the
experiment.
f. Materials- Object you prepare that you used in the experiment.
g. Safety- You will need to read all the instructions before you begin your experiment. You also need to
wear safety equipment as instructed so you won’t get hurt in some way.
h. Procedure- A series of steps to be followed in an investigation.
i. Qualitative data- Information that describes measurement in words.
j. Quantitative data- Information that can be measured and written down with numbers.
k. Data analysis- The pieces of information you collect during the experiment.
l. Conclusion- A statement explaining the result of an investigation and what they mean.
1b. Distinguish between qualitative and quantitative observations and make inferences based on observations.
1. What is a qualitative observation? Give an example. Qualitative data deals with descriptions. This data describe
objects rather to measure them. Oil painting: blue/green color, gold frame.
2. What is a quantitative observation? Give an example. Quantitative data deal with numbers. This data is used to
measure things. Oil painting: The picture is 10" by 14".
3. What is the difference between an observation, an inference, and a prediction? Give an example of each.
Observation is something you detect using one or more of your 5 senses. An inference is what you decide about an
observation. Inferences explain or interpret observations based on the evidence you receive. A prediction is an
educated guess, it could be right or wrong but it needs to be logical.
1c. Summarize data to show the cause and effect relationship between qualitative and quantitative observations
(using standard, metric, and non-standard units of measurement).
1) Explain what each of these is used to measure and sketch a picture of each.
a. English and Metric Rulers:
b. Thermometeter:
c. Microscopes:
d. Triple Beam Balance
e. Stop watches
f. Graduated Cylinders
g. Pipettes
2) Define each of the following, and tell what is used to measure it, along with the most appropriate units.
a. linear measures- When you measure a line. You measure it with a ruler. In, Cm, Ft, etc.
b. mass- the amount of matter in an object. a measure of the number of atoms in it. kilogram. Tool -1
c. volume (solid & liquid)- The amount of space occupied by an object measured in three dimensions. You
can use a measuring cup to measure it. cubic units. units for a liquid? -1
d. temperature- The degree of hotness or coldness of a body or an environment. You measure temperutre
with thermometer. degrees on the Fahrenheit, Celsius, and Kelvin scales.
e. area- A two dimensional object. You have to multiply the length by width to get the area. square inches,
square feet, or square meter. tool -1
f. perimeter- The distance around something. Take the length of each side and add them. square feet and
meters. tool -1
3) Explain the differences between each of the following types of graphs and tell what type of data they contain:
bar graph, line graph, pie chart.
Bar graphs are used to compare things between different groups or to track changes over time.
Line graphs are used to track changes over short and long periods of time.
Pie charts are used when you are trying to compare parts of a whole.
4) What type of data is depicted in all graphs?
Quanitative data as well as the median, mode, range, or/mode can be found in these graphs.
1d. Analyze evidence that is used to form explanations and draw conclusions.
1) Explain the following measures of central tendency:
a. Mean- the average of the numbers: a calculated "central" value of a set of numbers.
b. Median- place the numbers you are given in value order and find the middle number.
c. Mode- a set of numbers is the one that occurs most often.
d. Range- a set of data is the difference between the highest and lowest values in the set.
1g. Justify a scientist’s need to revise conclusions after encountering new experimental evidence that does not
match existing explanations.
1) Why is it necessary to revise conclusions based on new evidence?
Having new evidence my change your conclusion.
1h. Analyze different ideas and recognize the skepticism of others as part of the scientific process in considering
alternative conclusions.
1) Outline the scientific skepticism surrounding the theory.
Scientific Skepticism is the practice of questioning whether claims are supported by research. And weither nor not
the research actually support or disproves the claim.
1e. Develop a logical argument defending conclusions of an experimental method.
1) What information should be present in a conclusion of a lab report?
The information you collect throughout the experiment. You need to state if your hypothesis was right or wrong and
why.
2) Does the experiment fail if the hypothesis was refuted? Why or why not?
A hypothesis is an idea or explanation that you then test through study and experimentation. A hypothesis is an
educational guess. It doesn’t matter if your hypothesis is wrong; the experiment still comes out valid.
1f. Develop a logical argument to explain why perfectly designed solutions do not exist.
1) What is experimental error? What are common sources of error?
An experimental error is the difference between a measurement and the true value or between two measured
values.
2) Explain how controls are used to design “fair experiments”?
A control group is a group separated from the rest of the experiment where the independent variable being tested
cannot influence the results. Control groups don’t change and remain the same.
Life Science Objective Booklet
96
3b. Compare and contrast the major components and functions of different types of cells.
1) Draw a plant and animal cell. Be sure to include ALL of the proper organelles in the each cell.
2) What organelles are present in a plant cell, but missing from the animal cell? A large vacuole, chloroplasts, and a
cell wall are all present in a plant cell but missing in an animal cell.
3) Give the function of each of the following organelles.
a) Nucleus- controls the cells
controls the movement of
g) Mitochondria- produces
actions; brain of cell
substances in and out of
energy and conducts
b) Cytoplasm- keeps
cells. The basic function of
cellular respiration
organelles and materials
the cell membrane is to
h) Ribosomes- translate
inside cell
protect the cell from its
information in RNA to
c) Nuclear membranesurroundings. It consists of
assemble proteins.
controls the flow of things
the phospholipid bilayer
i) Large vacuole- stores
going in and out of the
with embedded proteins.
water, food, and nutrients
nucleus
e) Cell wall- provides
j) Golgi apparatus- makes
d) Cell membrane-The cell
structural support and
lysosomes and packages
membrane is selectively
protection
vesicles
permeable to ions and
f) Chloroplast- conducts
organic molecules and
photosynthesis
4) List and describe the four main tissue types. Epithelial tissue covers and protects underlying tissue. Connective tissue
joins, supports, protects, and cushions organs. Muscle tissue contracts and relaxes to produce movement. Nervous
tissue sends signals throughout body.
5) Draw a picture of each of the four main tissue types.
6)
7) What is the organization of life beginning with the cell? Cell, tissue, organs, organ system, organism
3d. Describe heredity as the passage of instructions from one generation to another and recognize that hereditary
information is contained in genes, located in the chromosomes of each cell.
1) Sexual fertilization differs from asexual reproduction because sexual fertilization involves gametes.
a) How are gametes formed and how do they differ from their parent cell? A gamete is a reproductive cell. Gametes
differ from parent cells by only having one copy of the gene, while the parent cells have two.
b) What happens during fertilization? A sperm cell penetrates the surface of an egg cell.
c) What is a zygote? A zygote is a cell produced by the union of two zygotes.
d) Explain two forms of asexual fertilization. (budding and binary fission) Binary fission is when an organism
duplicates its DNA then splits in two, each new organism gets one copy of DNA. Budding is when an organism
fully grows and develops then splits into two organisms.
e) What is a mutation and how do they occur? Are they always harmful? A mutation structure change in gene. No,
mutations are not always harmful.
f) Describe how parents pass traits on to their offspring. Somatic cells contain two alleles for every gene. An allele
that is hidden, recessive, can still be passed on to that organism's offspring and expressed in a later generation.
2) What is the difference between a dominant and a recessive trait? A dominant trait is most likely to happen. A
recessive trait is a trait that is usually hidden in the first generation, but may show up in a later generation.
3) Explain the hierarchy of DNA to physical expression of traits. Strands of DNA are made of nucleic bases,
phosphates, and sugars. These items form a double helix. The nucleic bases are held together in the middle of the two
strands by hydrogen bonds. Strands of DNA are packaged together to form chromosomes. The expression of "traits"
can be traced back specifically to the order of nucleic bases in the DNA, and the proteins those bases code for.
4) Define the following and give an example of each.
a) Genotype- The genetic make-up of an organism
i) Homozygous dominant (Purebred)- both alleles are the same and most likely to show up in an organism (TT)
ii) Heterozygous (Hybrid)- each allele is different (Tt)
iii) Homozygous recessive (Purebred)- both alleles are the same and are usually hidden (tt)
b) Phenotype- a physical appearance of an organism
5) In humans, brown eyes are dominant to blue eyes. Both Joe and Cindy are heterozygous for brown eyes (Bb). If
they marry and have a child, what are the possible genotypes of their child? What are the possible phenotypes of
their child? The genotypes for their child is BB, Bb or bb. The possible phenotypes for their child is 75% brown and
25% blue.
6) What is a pedigree and how can it be used by geneticist? A pedigree is a map of family genetic history. It is used by
a geneticist to determine how likely a parent is to pass something genetically to their offspring.
7) Create your own Punnett square problem and solve it. Brown hair (BB) is dominant to blonde hair (bb). A couple has
a child. One parent is heterozygous for the trait, and the other parent is homozygous dominant for the trait. What are
the possible genotypes of their child? The genotypes for this child are BB and Bb.
3e. Explain energy flow in a specified ecosystem.
1) Define each of the following as part of an ecosystem. Give an example of each.
a) Producers- an organism that makes its own food
c) Secondary consumers (carnivores)- a carnivore
(sunflower)
the feeds on the herbivores of the ecosystem
b) Primary consumers (herbivores)- an organism
(wolf)
that feeds on the producers of the ecosystem
d) Decomposers- an organism that breaks down or
(deer)
consumes the remains of cells of dead plants or
animals (fungus or bacteria )
2) Different organisms have relationships with other organisms. Compare and contrast the following relationship types.
Give an example of each relationship type.
a) Predator-prey relationship- The predator
b) hunts and consumes the prey. (Lion and Zebra)
c) Parasitism- One organism benefits while the other is harmed. (mosquito and human)
d) Mutualism- Both organisms benefit (butterfly and a flower)
e) Commensalism- One organism benefits while the other is not affected. (sucker fish and shark)
3) What is the difference between an abiotic factor and a biotic factor? Biotic factors are the living parts of an
ecosystem. Abiotic factors are the non-living parts of an ecosystem.
4) What is the difference between fresh water, brackish water, and salt water? Fresh water is naturally found
water that does not contain salt. Brackish water is a mixture of fresh water and sea water with less salt than
sea water and more salt than fresh water. Salt water is water that has the most salinity out of the other.
5) Explain the hierarchy of living organisms in their environment. Organism, population, community,
ecosystem, biome and biosphere
6) What is a niche? The role an organism plays in its community.
7) Outline the characteristic of the 8 major biomes. The Tundra is a cold, treeless, plain-like area with a
frozen subsurface. The tropical rainforest is a warm climate biome thriving with plants and animals. The
deciduous forest is a biome with many plants and animals; it also has distinctive climates varying from
warm to cold in different points of the year. The desert biome has a very scarce amount of plant and animal;
the temperatures vary from hot during the day to freezing cold at night. Savannas are areas that have a dry
seasons and wet seasons; they also have a decent amount of plant life. Temperate grasslands are
characterized as having grasses as the dominant vegetation. Trees and large shrubs are absent, temperatures
vary more from summer to winter, and the amount of rainfall is less in temperate grasslands than in
savannas. The taiga biome is the largest terrestrial biome this biome typically has short, wet summers and
long, cold winters. Precipitation is moderate in the taiga. Rainfall in the shrub forest biome may reach 20–
30 inches, but in almost all of this falls in winter. Summers are very dry and all the plants — trees, shrubs,
and grasses — are more or less dormant then.
8) What is depicted in an energy pyramid? The flow of energy in a community.
9) What are phytoplankton? Small plants that grow near the surface of the ocean in order to obtain sunlight.
10) What is the difference between a food chain and a food web? Illustrate an example of each. A food web is a
group of many food chains. A food chain only follows just one path as animals find food.
Food web
11) About what percent of energy is passed on from one trophic level to the next? Around 10 percent of the
energy is transferred to the next level trophic level.
3h. Describe how organisms get energy from oxidizing their food, and release some of their energy as heat.
1) Give the reactants, products, and location for a photosynthesis reaction. Reactants: H2O and CO2; Products:
C6H12O6 and 6O2 Takes place in the chloroplast of a plant cell.
2) Give the reactants, products, and location for the cellular respiration process. Reactants: C6H12O6 and 6O2;
Products: 6CO2 ,6H2O, and ATP Takes place in the mitochondria or chloroplast of a cell.
3) Explain the differences between aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration. Aerobic respiration is the
release of energy from glucose or oxygen. Anaerobic respiration is the release of energy using electron
acceptors rather than oxygen.
4) What biological process provides most of an organism’s thermal energy? The biological process that
provides most of an organisms energy is cellular respiration.