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Title
CHAPTER 15
Endocrine System
1.Endocrine glands
2.Hypothalamus and pituitary gland
3.Thyroid and parathyroid glands
4.Adrenal glands
5.Pancreas
6.Other endocrine glands
7.Homeostasis
Endocrine system
Nervous system
Immune system
Signal transduction
systems in multicellular
organisms
15.1 Endocrine glands
Fig. 15.1 The action of neurotransmitter differs from that of a hormone.
Common points: (
Different points:
)
structural
components
Nervous system
neurons
)
Endocrine system (
transmitter
method
speed
substances
neurotransmitters axons & synapses rapid
(
(
)
(
)
liver cell
liver
insulin
axon of
nerve fiber
b. Reception of insulin, a hormone
pancreas
arteriole
vesicle
axon terminal
neurotransmitters
a. Reception of a neurotransmitter
)
Fig. 15.2 The endocrine system (
)
Hypothalamus
視床下部
Pituitary Gland
Posterior pituitary
Anterior pituitary
Parathyroids
下垂体（前葉、後葉）
副甲状腺
parathyroid glands
(posterior surface of thyroid)
Thymus
胸腺
Thyroid
甲状腺
Pancreas
膵臓
Adrenal Gland
Adrenal cortex
副腎
副腎皮質
Gonads
Testes
Ovaries
性腺（精巣、卵巣）
testis
(male)
ovary (female)
Table 15.1
松果体
Hypothalamus-pituitary-peripheral endocrine system
Hypothalamus
Releasing:
Inhibiting:
Pituitary
posterior pituitary
hormoneproducing cells*
Hypothalamic hormone-producing cells
CRH
ACTH
producing cells
TRH
GnRH
(=LHRH)
GHRH
GHIH
(Somatostatin)
(PRF)
PIH
TSH
LH/FSH
GH
PRL
producing cells producing cells producing cells producing cells
ADH
#not
Lower
endocrine
systems
OT
included in
posterior pituitary
hormones
Aderenal
cortex
Thyroid
Gonads
cortisol
T3,T4
sex
hormones
IGF-1
sex organ etc
bone etc
whole body
whole body
Liver
Whole
body
Mammary
gland
Exocrine versus Endocrine (p334)
(
)
膵内分泌
Duct(s)
Negative feedback (p335)
Fig. 15.7 Negative feedback mechanism in the endocrine system.
hypothalamus
releasing hormone
(hormone 1)
TRH
anterior pituitary
stimulating hormone
(hormone 2)
TSH
target gland
target gland hormone
(hormone 3)
Thyroxine, triiodothyronine
feedback
inhibits
release of
hormone 1
TRH
feedback
inhibits
release of
hormone 2
TSH
Receptors (p336)
Fig. 15.3 Hormones target specific cells.
nontarget cell
receptors
target cells
hormone
capillary
Androgen insensitivity (p336)
Fig. 15.3 Hormones target specific cells.
androgen
capillary
Local hormones (p336)
e.g., prostaglandins and growth factors.
Prostaglandins are produced, but not carried elsewhere in
the bloodstream.
The Action of Hormones (p337)
Peptide hormones
ペプチドホルモン
インスリン
Steroid hormones
ステロイドホルモン
アルドステロン
Amino acid-derived hormones
アミノ酸誘導体ホルモン
アドレナリン
Fig. 15.4 Action of a peptide hormone.
capillary
1. Hormone binds to a
receptor in the plasma
membrane.
peptide hormone
(first messenger)
activated receptor protein
enzyme
2. Binding leads to
activation of an
enzyme that changes
ATP to cyclic AMP.
cAMP
plasma
membrane
ATP
(second messenger)
3. cAM P activates an
enzyme cascade.
4. Many molecules of
glycogen are broken
down to glucose,
which enters the
bloodstream.
glucose
(leaves cell
and goes
to blood)
glycogen
Fig. 15.5 Action of a steroid hormone and amino acid-derived hormones.
steroid
hormone
1. Hormone diffuses
through plasma
membrane because
it is lipid soluble.
cytoplasm
nucleus
2. Hormone binds
to receptor inside
nucleus.
protein
DNA
receptor
protein
mRNA
3. Hormone-receptor
complex activates
gene and synthesis
of a specific mRNA
molecule follows.
ribosome
mRNA
4. mRNA moves to
ribosomes, and protein
synthesis occurs.