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MICROBIOLOGY LAB MANUAL
Lab Exercise #15 Infections, Infectious Disease,
and Epidemiology
Objectives
1. Describe the portals of entry and relate these to the
routes of transmission for common infections
2. Describe the important components in controlling an
epidemic.
3. Analyze the source, transmission, and potential impact of an epidemic
when provided pertinent data.
4. Use appropriate types of graphs to display the data and interpret
epidemic trends.
5. Critically evaluate and suggest methods to prevent or control an
epidemic.
6. Describe the unique social conditions that surround the STD epidemic in
the U.S.
7. Access and use the MMWR to look up epidemiologic information.
Dr Janet Fulks
Bakersfield College
August 2010
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In this lab exercise you will study portals of entry, methods of transmission,
and control of infectious diseases. In addition, using the internet you will
examine the CDC’s method of reporting, tracking and controlling epidemics.
There will also be a simulated epidemic in the classroom which you will track
and analyze. In part 1 complete the charts below using the text and other
outside sources. In part 2 following the lab simulation, create a graph of the
data from the simulated epidemic, make a prediction as to the spread
without further intervention, and describe methods of intervention that
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Epidemiology is the study of the spread of disease through a population. An
increase in the prevalence of a disease over a given time, within a specific
area or affecting a particular population, it is considered an epidemic. Data is
collected on the agent, number of cases, the location and history of the
disease, ages involved, contributing factors and other pertinent information.
Analysis of these details provides data to determine whether a vaccine,
chemotherapeutic agent, quarantine, vector control, behavioral changes, or
other precautions may control the disease spread. Depending upon the
morbidity or mortality of the disease, strict measures may have to be
implemented to control it. One example of these measures are the list of
required reportable diseases. The table on the next page lists the nationally
notifiable diseases which must be reported to the public health department
in the United States.
MICROBIOLOGY LAB MANUAL
would be effective.
Background on Infectious Diseases Designated as Notifiable
MMWR June 25, 2010/57(54);1-94
The following is excerpted from the MMWR at
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5754a1.htm
Any infectious diseases designated as nationally notifiable are diseases
where regular, frequent, and timely information regarding individual cases is
considered necessary for the prevention and control of the disease. There is
a history of nationally notifiable infectious diseases in the United States at
http://www.cdc.gov/ncphi/disss/nndss/nndsshis.htm.
For the listed diseases, public health workers ensure that:
For those people exposed to a reportable disease there is appropriate:
 Treatment
 Vaccinations
 Quarantine
 Education
In addition they work to:
 investigate and halt outbreaks
 eliminate environmental hazards
 and close premises where spread has occurred.
Surveillance of notifiable conditions:
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The list of nationally notifiable infectious diseases is revised periodically. The
list of diseases considered notifiable varies by state and year. Current and
historic national public health surveillance case definitions used for
classifying and enumerating cases consistently across reporting jurisdictions
are available at http://www.cdc.gov/ncphi/disss/nndss/nndsshis..”
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 helps public health authorities to monitor the impact of notifiable
conditions
 measure disease trends
 assess the effectiveness of control and prevention measures
 identify populations or geographic areas at high risk
 allocate resources appropriately
 formulate prevention strategies
 and develop public health policies..
Dr Janet Fulks
Bakersfield College
August 2010
MICROBIOLOGY LAB MANUAL
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Anthrax
Arboviral neuroinvasive and nonneuroinvasive diseases
o California serogroup virus
disease
o Eastern equine
encephalitis virus disease
o Powassan virus disease
o St. Louis encephalitis virus
disease
o West Nile virus disease
o Western equine
encephalitis virus disease
Babesiosis
Botulism
o Botulism, foodborne
o Botulism, infant
o Botulism, other (wound &
unspecified)
Brucellosis
Chancroid
Chlamydia trachomatis infection
Cholera
Coccidioidomycosis
Cryptosporidiosis
Cyclosporiasis
Dengue
o Dengue Fever
o Dengue Hemorrhagic
Fever
o Dengue Shock Syndrome
Diphtheria
Ehrlichiosis/Anaplasmosis
o Ehrlichia chaffeensis
o Ehrlichia ewingii
o Anaplasma
phagocytophilum
o Undetermined
Giardiasis
Gonorrhea
Haemophilus influenzae, invasive
disease
Hansen disease (leprosy)
Dr Janet Fulks
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Bakersfield College
Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome
Hemolytic uremic syndrome,
post-diarrheal
Hepatitis
o Hepatitis A, acute
o Hepatitis B, acute
o Hepatitis B, chronic
o Hepatitis B virus, perinatal
infection
o Hepatitis C, acute
o Hepatitis C, past or
present
HIV infection*
o HIV infection, adult/
adolescent (age > = 13
years)
o HIV infection, child (age
>= 18 months and < 13
years)
o HIV infection, pediatric
(age < 18 months)
Influenza-associated pediatric
mortality
Legionellosis
Listeriosis
Lyme disease
Malaria
Measles
Meningococcal disease
Mumps
Novel influenza A virus infections
Pertussis
Plague
Poliomyelitis, paralytic
Poliovirus infection, nonparalytic
Psittacosis
Q Fever
o Acute
o Chronic
Rabies
o Rabies, animal
o Rabies, human
Rubella
August 2010
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Nationally Notifiable Infectious Conditions United States 2011
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Toxic-shock syndrome (other
than Streptococcal)
Trichinellosis (Trichinosis)
Tuberculosis
Tularemia
Typhoid fever
Vancomycin - intermediate
Staphylococcus aureus (VISA)
Vancomycin - resistant
Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA)
Varicella (morbidity)
Varicella (deaths only)
Vibriosis
Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers, due to
o Ebola virus
o Marburg virus
o Arenavirus
o Crimean-Congo
Hemorrhagic Fever virus
o Lassa virus
o Lujo virus
o New world arenaviruses
(Gunarito, Machupo,
Junin, and Sabia viruses)
Yellow fever
* AIDS has been reclassified as
HIV stage III
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Rubella, congenital syndrome
Salmonellosis
Severe Acute Respiratory
Syndrome-associated
Coronavirus (SARS-CoV)
disease
Shiga toxin-producing
Escherichia coli (STEC)
Shigellosis
Smallpox
Spotted Fever Rickettsiosis
Streptococcal toxic-shock
syndrome
Streptococcus pneumoniae,
invasive disease
Syphilis
o Primary
o Secondary
o Latent
o Early latent
o Late latent
o Latent, unknown duration
o Neurosyphilis
o Late, non-neurological
o Stillbirth
o Congenital
Tetanus
Dr Janet Fulks
Bakersfield College
August 2010
MICROBIOLOGY LAB MANUAL
NAME________________________
Lab Exercise #15 Infections, Infectious Disease, and
Epidemiology
Using your text fill in the tables below concerning information about portals
of entry and modes of transmission of infectious diseases.
1. Portal of Entry
Portal of Entry
Example of a disease using this
portal of entry
Methods to prevent the spread of a
disease using this portal of entry.
Skin
Mucous
Membranes
Placenta
Gastrointestinal
Route
Parenteral
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Route
Dr Janet Fulks
Bakersfield College
August 2010
MICROBIOLOGY LAB MANUAL
2. Modes of Transmission
Mode of Transmission
How does this type of transmission
occur, under what circumstances?
Examples of diseases spread via
this mode of transmission.
Direct contract
Indirect contact
Airborne
Food and waterborne
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Vector
Dr Janet Fulks
Bakersfield College
August 2010
MICROBIOLOGY LAB MANUAL
3. Examining an Epidemic
Go to the web and look up a recent epidemic somewhere in the world. Print
off information about the epidemic and fillin the chart below. Staple the
information from the web to your lab report.
Name of the etiologic agent causing the epidemic:
Classification:
Brief description of this agent:
Portal of Entry:
Mode of Transmission:
Symptoms:
Treatment:
Means of Epidemiologic Control:
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Is this a reportable disease?
Dr Janet Fulks
Bakersfield College
August 2010
MICROBIOLOGY LAB MANUAL
4. Following a Simulated Epidemic
The disease that you are tracking is the most prevalent STD in the United
States caused by Chlamydia trachomatis, an obligate intracellular bacteria.
Approximately 3 - 4 million Americans suffer from infections every year
costing nearly 1 billion dollars. No one appears to develop immunity after
contracting the disease. Often infected women show no obvious symptoms,
while approximately 75% of men are symptomatic. In men the disease
produces urethritis resulting in painful urination and a discharge from the
urethra, sometimes being confused with gonorrhea. Two serious
complications occur as a result of this disease:
1) Chlamydia may spread to the fallopian tubes resulting in PID (pelvic
inflammatory disease). Approximately 500,000 cases of PID due to
Chlamydia occur every year.
2) Infants, born to infected mothers, are at high risk for developing eye
infections leading to blindness. Other than trauma related injury,
Trachoma is the leading cause of blindness in the world.
Chlamydia can be treated with tetracycline and erythromycin. There are no
vaccines available.
MATERIALS:
1 pipette
1 empty tube
1 full tube
developing solution
latex gloves
test tube rack
PROCEDURE:
1. Write the number of your tube on the data chart, label the full tube “round #1” and
the empty tube “round #2”. This tube represents your body fluids. Only one person is
infected. No one will know who the infected class member is.
2. We will proceed by sharing body fluids (about 1ml), one at a time with someone else
in the lab. Follow the instructor's directions carefully. You must exchange body
fluids: pipette 1 ml of your fluid into the another person’s tube, when directed, and
allow them to pipette 1 ml into your tube.
3. After the first round, pipette pour approximately half the volume of your round #1
tube into the tube marked #2
4. Proceed with a second round of sharing body fluids again pipetting 1 ml into another
person’s tube.
7. Graph the information. Remember to title the graph and label all the axes properly.
Dr Janet Fulks
Bakersfield College
August 2010
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6. Together we will record the class data on the chart. Try to analyze the spread of
infection and answer the questions on the next sheet.
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5. When the class has completed 2 rounds place the tubes in the rack and remove the
caps. The instructor will bring around developing fluid to identify those that have the
disease. Any indication of a color change is considered positive.
MICROBIOLOGY LAB MANUAL
CLASS DATA CHART
Person Round
#2 + / -
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Dr Janet Fulks
Bakersfield College
Contact
+ or -
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Contact
+ or -
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Person Round
#1 + / -
August 2010
MICROBIOLOGY LAB MANUAL
The number of your test tube:
How many carriers resulted after round #1?
(Make a hypothesis concerning any abnormal or unexplained results)
How many carriers after round #2?
Draw a graph and attach it to this lab of disease over time. Predict where the third
round results may have been.
Name of the etiologic agent causing the epidemic:
Classification:
Briefly describe this agent:
Portal of Entry:
Who was patient Zero? Describe your rationale or draw a flow chart on the
back of this page.
Mode of Transmission:
Symptoms:
Treatment:
Means of Epidemiologic Control: What specific aspects of the disease make it
difficult to control? (Consider cost, practicality, and social constraints.)
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Last Updated 9/11/2010
©Janet Fulks
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Is this a reportable disease?
Dr Janet Fulks
Bakersfield College
August 2010