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GEOLOGY 12 CHAPTER 2 MINERALS MAIN TOPIC QUESTIONS & ANSWERS 1. Which terms describe components of atomic structure? • Proton - positively charged particles in the nucleus of an atom; has a mass of one. • Neutron - neutrally charged particle in the nucleus of an atom; has a mass of one. • Electron - negatively charged particle, circling the nucleus of an atom, contributes little mass to the atom. • Nucleus - the center of the atom which contains protons and neutrons. 2. Which terms are used to understand how elements are defined and how they bond? • • • • • • atomic number - uniquely defines each element; equals the number of protons. atomic mass number - the sum of the protons plus neutrons. ion - any electrically charged atom; ions bond to form compounds. cation - positively charged ion anion - negatively charged ion ionic bond ~ type of bond in which ions are held together by the attraction of opposite electrical charges. • covalent bond - type of bond in which electrons are shared. 3. Which terms are related to the general definition of a mineral or are properties of minerals? • crystalline - describes solids in which the atoms are arranged in regular, repeating patterns. • glass - the opposite of a mineral because it lacks any orderly internal arrangement of atoms • polymorph - minerals having the same composition but distinctly different crystal structures; diamond & graphite. • streak - color of a powdered mineral, determined by scraping the mineral across an unglazed tile. • Moh's Hardness Scale - used to determine the hardness of a mineral by scratching it across minerals of known hardness. • crystal form - shape of well-developed crystals, related to the internal arrangement of atoms cleavage - the tendency of a mineral to break along preferred planes of weakness; related to mineral's internal structure. • luster - surface sheen of a mineral, described by terms like glassy and metallic. • specific gravity - related to density of a mineral; equals the mass of a given volume of the mineral relative to the mass of an equal volume of water. 4. Which terms are examples of silicate minerals or silicate structures? • silica tetrahedron - basic building block of silicate minerals; consists of 4 oxygen atoms surrounding 1 silicon atom. • olivine - silicate mineral in which tetrahedra are isolated units; simplest structure of the silicate family. • chain structure - one of several ways in which silica tetrahedra may be linked; tetrahedra are joined in one dimension to make chains. • amphibole - chain silicate with a double chain of silica tetrahedra. • sheet structure - linkage of silica tetrahedra; tetrahedra joined in 2 dimensions to make sheets or planes of tetrahedra. • mica - sheet silicate • feldspars - group of silicate minerals which have a framework structure; most abundant minerals in the crust. 5. Which terms are examples of nonsilicate mineral families? • carbonates - minerals which contain the CO3 ion, such as calcite and dolomite, which dissolve easily in acids. • sulfate - minerals which contain the SO4 ion, barite (BaSO4). • sulfide - minerals which contain a metal plus sulfur, without oxygen, like pyrite (FeS) and galena (PbS). • halides - minerals which contain a metal plus a halogen, such as halite (NaCI). • oxides - minerals which contain a metal plus oxygen; magnatite (Fe3O4) and corundum (Al2O3) • native element - minerals which contain only one element; Au, Cu, Ag. 6. Which terms are used to classify rocks and to describe rock properties? • porosity - proportion of holes or cracks in a material which are not filled by solid material. • permeability - measure of how easily fluids can pass through a rock • tensile stress - forces acting on a rock to pull it apart. • strain - deformation resulting from stress. • elastic limit - point beyond which further stress on a rock will result in permanent change. • plastic deformation - one way in which rocks show strain; results in permanent deformation. • igneous. sedimentary, and metamorphic - the three major rock types. • rock cycle - concept that rocks can be transformed by geologic processes into other·types of rocks. Geology 12 Chapter 2 Main Topic Questions Page 2