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World History
Chapter 13
Geography and Early Africa
The Big Idea
Geography, resources, culture, and trade influenced the growth of societies in
West Africa.
Main Ideas
•
Landforms, climate, and resources affected the history of West Africa.
•
The way of life of early peoples in West Africa was shaped by family ties, religion,
iron technology, and trade.
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World History
Chapter 13
Main Idea 1: Landforms, climate, and resources affected the history of West Africa.
• Africa is the second largest continent.
• The Niger River, a source of water, food, and transportation, allowed many people to
live in West Africa.
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World History
Chapter 13
Africa’s Four Regions
• The northern band across West Africa is the southern part of the Sahara. It has the
world’s largest desert.
• The semiarid Sahel divides the desert from wetter areas. It has enough vegetation
to support hardy grazing animals.
• Farther south is a band of savannah, or open grass with scattered trees.
• Rain forests, or moist, densely wooded areas, are near the equator. They contain a
variety of plants and animals.
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World History
Chapter 13
West Africa’s Resources
West Africa’s land produced
many crops, such as dates
and kola nuts. Kola nuts
could be used for medicine.
Gold could be used for
jewelry or coins.
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Salt was a resource that
was found deep in the
earth, from lakes that
had dried up.
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World History
Chapter 13
Main Idea 2: The way of life of early peoples in West Africa was shaped by family
ties, religion, iron technology, and trade
• A typical West African family was an extended family that included the father,
mother, children, and close relatives in one household.
• Some people took part in another type of group, called age sets.
- In these groups, people who had been born within the same two or three
years formed special bonds.
• These loyalties helped the people of a village work together.
• As people became more productive, villages started to trade the area’s resources
with buyers who lived thousands of miles away.
- Gold and salt mines were a source of wealth.
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World History
Chapter 13
Loyalties and Religion
Loyalty to families and age
sets helped the people of a
village work together.
•
Everyone had specific
duties.
•
Men hunted and farmed.
•
Women farmed and
cared for the children.
•
Elders taught traditions
to the children.
•
Children started working
as soon as they were
able.
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•
Many West Africans
believed that spirits of
their ancestors stayed
nearby.
•
Families shared
problems and news with
the spirits.
•
Another common belief
was animism, the belief
that bodies of water,
animals, trees, and other
natural objects have
spirits.
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World History
Chapter 13
Empire of Ghana
The Big Idea
The rulers of Ghana built an empire by controlling the salt and gold trade.
Main Ideas
•
Ghana controlled trade and became wealthy.
•
Through its control of trade, Ghana built an empire.
•
Ghana’s decline was caused by attacking invaders, overgrazing, and the loss of trade.
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World History
Chapter 13
Main Idea 1: Ghana controlled trade and became wealthy.
•
Ghana was created when groups of farmers banded together.
•
Ghana became a powerful state only when it gained control of valuable trade
routes.
•
The exchange of gold and salt followed a process called silent barter. This is a
process in which people exchange goods without ever contacting each other
directly.
•
Ghana’s rulers gained power and wealth, and the military grew in strength, too.
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World History
Chapter 13
Main Idea 2: Through its control of trade, Ghana built an empire.
•
Ghana protected traders with its army.
Traders were not afraid to travel to
Ghana.
•
In addition, the people of Ghana and
the small neighboring tribes they
controlled had to pay taxes.
•
With so many traders passing through
their lands, they made money by
forcing traders to pay taxes.
•
Ghana also had rich gold mines.
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World History
Chapter 13
Expansion of the Empire
•
Ghana’s kings used their great wealth to build a powerful army and conquered
many of their neighbors, especially ones that had centers of trade.
•
To keep order in the empire, conquered kings were allowed to keep much of their
power. They acted as governors of their territories.
•
The empire of Ghana reached its peak under Tunka Manin.
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World History
Chapter 13
Main Idea 3: Ghana’s decline was caused by attacking invaders, overgrazing, and the
loss of trade.
Invasion
- A Muslim group called the Almoravids cut off many trade routes, without which
Ghana could not support its empire.
Overgrazing
- When the Almoravids moved, they brought herds of animals with them.
- These animals ate all the grass, leaving the land worthless for farming.
Internal rebellion
- The people Ghana conquered rose up in rebellion and took over the entire
empire.
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World History
Chapter 13
Later Empires
The Big Idea
Between 1000 and 1500 three great kingdoms-Mali, Songhai, and Great
Zimbabwe-developed in Africa.
Main Ideas
•
The empire of Mali reached its height under the ruler Mansa Musa, but the
empire fell to invaders in the 1400s.
•
The Songhai built a new Islamic empire in West Africa, conquering many of the
lands that were once part of Mali.
•
Great Zimbabwe was a powerful state that developed in southern Africa.
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World History
Chapter 13
Main Idea 1: The empire of Mali reached its height under the ruler Mansa Musa, but
the empire fell to invaders in the 1400s.
•
Mali was located along the upper Niger River. The fertile soil helped Mali grow and
control river trade.
•
Sundiata, Mali’s first strong leader, built up a strong army and won back his
country’s independence.
•
He conquered Ghana and took over the salt and gold trades.
•
He had new farmlands cleared for crops of beans, onions, and rice. He also
introduced cotton as a new crop.
•
To protect his authority, he took power away from others and adopted the title
mansa.
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Chapter 13
Mansa
•
Mansas had both political and religious roles in society.
•
The religious role of the mansa grew out of traditional Malian beliefs.
- According to the beliefs, people’s ancestors had made an agreement with the
spirits of the land that would ensure the lands provided plenty of food.
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Chapter 13
Mansa Musa
•
He was Mali’s most
famous leader, and he
ruled from 1312 to 1337.
•
Islam was important to
Musa, so he made a
pilgrimage to Mecca.
•
Mali reached the height
of its wealth, power, and
fame in the 1300s.
•
He influenced the
spread of Islam through
a large part of West
Africa and had mosques
built throughout his
empire.
•
He added important
trade cities to its empire,
including Timbuktu.
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•
He stressed the
importance of education
and learning to read the
Arabic language.
•
He sent scholars to study
in Morocco. They came
back and set up schools
in Mali.
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World History
Chapter 13
The Fall of Mall
Weak rulers such as Maghan could not stop raiders, leading to the empire’s gradual
decline.
Raiders from the southeast poured into Mali and set fire to Timbuktu’s great schools and
mosques.
Invaders took almost all the lands of the Mali Empire by 1500.
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World History
Chapter 13
Main Idea 2: The Songhai built a new Islamic empire in West Africa, conquering
many of the lands that were once part of Mali.
•
Once a part of Mali, Songhai rose up against it and regained its freedom.
•
Songhai grew in many ways, mostly due to the work of Sunni Ali.
- He worked constantly to unify, strengthen, and enlarge the empire.
•
He participated in both Islam and local religions and brought peace and stability as
a result.
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World History
Chapter 13
Askia the Great
•
Muhammad Ture overthrew Sunni
Baru because he did not support Islam.
- People thought they would lose
trade with Muslim lands.
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Ture took the title of askia, a title of the
highest military rank, and eventually
became known as Askia the Great.
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World History
Chapter 13
Education and Government
•
Askia the Great worked to support
education and especially supported
learning about medicine.
- Thousands of people came to
Timbuktu to use the universities,
libraries, and mosques.
- Djenné also became a city of great
learning.
- Songhai’s traders were Muslims
and spread Islam.
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•
To help maintain order, Askia set up
five provinces within Songhai.
- He removed local leaders and
appointed new governors who
were loyal to him.
- He created special departments
to oversee certain tasks.
- He created a standing
professional army.
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World History
Chapter 13
Songhai fell to Morocco.
•
Because Morocco wanted to control the Saharan salt mines, it invaded Songhai.
•
The Moroccans brought with them a terrible new weapon, the arquebus, an early
form of gun.
•
The Moroccans’ guns and cannons brought disaster to Songhai.
•
Changes in trade patterns completed Songhai’s fall.
- Overland trade declined as Atlantic ports became more important.
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World History
Chapter 13
Main Idea 3: Great Zimbabwe was a powerful state that developed in southern
Africa.
•
Great Zimbabwe was a powerful kingdom in southern Africa.
•
It was founded as a small trading and herding center in the 1100s.
•
Gold mining and farming expanded, and the kingdom’s population grew to become
the center of a large trading network.
- Trade made rulers wealthy and powerful.
•
In the 1400s gold trade declined, and Great Zimbabwe weakened. By 1500 it was
no longer a political and trading center.
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World History
Chapter 13
Historical and Artistic Traditions
The Big Idea
Although the people of West Africa did not have a written language, their
culture has been passed down through oral history, writings by other people,
and the arts.
Main Ideas
•
West Africans have preserved their history through storytelling and the written
accounts of visitors.
•
Through art, music, and dance, West Africans have expressed their creativity and
kept alive their cultural traditions.
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World History
Chapter 13
Main Idea 1: West Africans have preserved their history through storytelling and the
written accounts of visitors.
Writing was not common in West Africa. People passed along information through oral
histories, a spoken record of past events.
West African storytellers were called griots. They helped keep the history of their
ancestors alive for each new generation.
In addition to stories, they recited proverbs. These were short sayings of wisdom or
truth. They were used to teach lessons to the people.
Some of the griot poems are epics that are collected in the Dausi and the Sundiata.
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World History
Chapter 13
Visitors’ Written Accounts
•
The people of West Africa left no
written histories of their own.
•
•
Much of what we know about early
West Africa comes from the writings of
travelers and scholars from Muslim
lands such as Spain and Arabia.
Ibn Battutah was the most famous
Muslim visitor to write about West
Africa.
•
His accounts describe the political and
cultural lives of West Africans in great
detail.
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World History
Chapter 13
Main Idea 2: Through art, music, and dance, West Africans have expressed their
creativity and kept alive their cultural traditions.
•
Of all the visual forms,
the sculpture of West
Africa is probably the
best known.
•
- The sculpture is
mostly of people.
•
- It was made for
religious rituals.
Artists carved elaborate
masks, which were used
mostly for rituals as they
danced around fires.
They wove cloth such as
kente, a handwoven,
brightly colored fabric.
•
Music and dancing were
important.
•
These activities helped
people honor their
history and were central
to many celebrations.
- Artists were deeply
respected.
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World History
Chapter 13
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Chapter 13
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