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By: Ronald F. White, Ph.D. Professor of Philosophy College of Mount St. Joseph • • • • • Adam Smith Thomas Malthus Charles Lyell Lamarck Charles Darwin – Voyage of the Beagle – The Origin of Species – The Descent of Man • Herbert Spencer • Variation – A mechanism for generating variable progeny • Natural Selection – Competition for survival of between progeny and other competitors within an environment • Evolution of the Universe • Principles – Simple to Complex – Microcosm to Macrocosm – Nonliving to Living – Unconscious to Conscious • Cosmological Evolution • Biological Evolution • Cultural Evolution • Creation Myths • “The Big Bang Theory” – 10-20 billion years ago • Movement of galaxies • Background radiation • The Earth • Origin of Homo Sapiens • Primordial Soup=simple sea compounds, water vapor, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, methane, ammonia, and a source of energy (lightning or sunlight) • Atoms and Molecules to Replicators (RNA then DNA) – Nucleotides (adenine, cystocine, guanine, uracil) have been made in laboratories out of primordia soup. • Survival Machines-survival of the complex • More or less stable, more or less copies, more or less accurate copies. • Exchange of energy and information. • Old World Monkeys • Great Apes – – – – Chimpanzees Bonobos Gorillas Orangutans • Hominids – – – – – – Homo Sapiens (200 thousand years to present) Neanderthal (220-30 thousand years ago) Homo Sapiens Archaic (400 to 200 thousand years ago) Homo Erectus (2 million to .4 million years ago) Homo Habilis (2.2 to 1.6 million years ago) Others • Evolutionarily Stable Strategies • Altruism – Cheats – Suckers – Grudgers • Violence – – – – – Hawks Doves Bullies Retaliators Prober Retaliators • • • • Cosmological Evolution Biological Evolution Cultural Evolution Systems Theory (matter or information) – Micro and Macro Systems – Open Systems-Closed Systems – Evolutionary, devolutionary, stable systems • Nature (genes) v. Nurture (social learning) • Trial and Error, Creative Destruction • Biological Environment – – – – Genes Individuals Species ecosystems • Social Environment – Ideas – Beliefs of Individuals – Cultural Beliefs • Unit of Selection – Group selection – Individual selection – Genetic selection • Evolutionary Direction – Rate • Gradual (Darwinism) • Revolutionary (Punctuated Equilibrium) – Progress, Complexity – Stability – Devolution • Chance • Ontological Status of Species • Ontology of Origin