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Comparative Anatomy 1 Biology 2 Tuesday, April 2, 2013 CO2 Integumentary, Skeletal and Muscular Systems O2 Respiratory System CO2 Protection, Support and Movement O2 CO2 all cells CO2+H2O +E NH3+ urea sugar + O2 amino acids sugars fatty acids amino acids carbs fats proteins Reproductive System perpetuate species Tuesday, April 2, 2013 O2 Circulatory System NH3 sugar food Excretory System NH3 H2O, Salt NH3 Nervous System control by electrical signal eggs/sperm O2 hormones Digestive System carbs sugars fats fatty acids proteins amino acids feces Endocrine System control Homeostasis • regulating internal environment at relatively stable conditions (e.g. T, H2O, BP) Negative Feedback Sensor monitors parameter Tuesday, April 2, 2013 Regulatory Center interprets data Effector responds Comparative Anatomy • study of similarities and differences between organisms Tuesday, April 2, 2013 Circulatory Systems • function to transport materials throughout body • types: • none • open circulatory system • closed circulatory system Tuesday, April 2, 2013 No Circulatory System • lower animal phyla - sponges, jellyfish, flatworms • each cell exposed to water from skin or gastrovascular cavity Tuesday, April 2, 2013 No Circulatory System • Some animals use body cavity to circulate fluids • Nematodes use pseudocoelom • Echinoderms use coelom Tuesday, April 2, 2013 Open Circulatory System • see handout and figures in textbook • fluid (hemolymph) not completely contained in vessels • heart pumps hemolymph into blood vessels which deliver hemolymph to the tissue spaces • Other vessels pick up fluid and carry through gills or other respiratory structures • vessels eventually return fluid to pericardial cavity • blood reenters heart through valved openings called ostia • found in arthropods, molluscs (except cephalopods) Tuesday, April 2, 2013 Closed Circulatory System • fluid (blood) completely contained within vessels • blood flows from heart to arteries to capillaries to veins • exchange of gases and , food and waste takes place in capillaries Tuesday, April 2, 2013 Annelids • e.g. earthworms • have a closed circulatory system • they have 5 hearts which are enlarged, muscular blood vessels around the anterior gut. • a dorsal blood vessel carries blood anteriorly and a ventral blood vessel carries blood posteriorly Tuesday, April 2, 2013 Cephalopod Molluscs • e.g. squid (see diagram in handout and lab) • have a closed circularoty system • 2 gill hearts pump blood to gills where blood picks up oxygen • Blood flows from gills to a central system heart which pumps blood to the rest of body. • Deoxygenated blood from all other organs flows back to gill hearts Tuesday, April 2, 2013 Closed Circulatory System • Vertebrates have a cardiovascular system consisting of a heart, arteries, veins and capillaries. • The number of chambers in the heart increase from fish through birds/mammal evolution • Circulation also progresses from a single loop to a double loop system Tuesday, April 2, 2013 Fish • See handout and textbook figures • Fish have a 2 chambered heart consisting of an atrium and a ventricle • The ventricle pumps blood to the gills where it picks up oxygen. •Blood flows from the gills to other parts of the body where oxygen is released and carbon dioxide and other wastes are picked up •Blood returns to the heart at the atrium Tuesday, April 2, 2013 Amphibians • See handout and textbook figures • Amphibian circulation has 2 loops: •Pulmonary circuit from the heart to the lungs and back •System circuit from the heart to the rest of the body and back. • Amphibians have a 3 chambered heart consisting of right and left atria and a ventricle • Blood enters the heart at the right atrium and flows into the ventricle •The ventricle pumps blood into vessels that go to the lungs and the rest of the body. •Oxygenated blood from lungs flow into the left atrium and then the ventricle where it is mixed with deoxygenated blood. Tuesday, April 2, 2013 Birds & Mammals • See handout and textbook figures • Have pulmonary and systemic circuits • Have a 4 chambered heart consisting of right and left atria and right and left ventricles • The oxygenated blood is always on left side of heart and the deoxygenated blood is always on right side • There is no mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in heart - more efficient •Allows for endothermic lifestyle Tuesday, April 2, 2013 Reptiles • See handout and textbook figures • System is similar to birds and mammals only the ventricle is only partly divided so there is some mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. Thus system is not as efficient. Tuesday, April 2, 2013 Control • See textbook figures • The heart has a pacemaker (SA node) in the right atrium which sends out a signal causing the atria to contract. • The signal reaches the AV node which after a brief delay passes the signal to the ventricles causing them to contract at the same time •These electrical signals can be seen on an EKG (electrocardiogram) Tuesday, April 2, 2013 Respiratory Systems • function for gas exchange • exchange regions must be thin, moist, large • types: • body surface • gills • trachea • lungs Tuesday, April 2, 2013 Body Surface • Gases are exchanged across thin body surface • Found in sponges, jellyfish, flatworms, roundworms, segmented worms. • Starfish have dermal papulae between their skeletal plates and also use the thin tube feet for gas exchange. Tuesday, April 2, 2013 Gills • used by larger aquatic organisms - clams, crabs, fish • consist of thin, branched membranes • vertebrates - form from pharynx • inverts - form from body wall Tuesday, April 2, 2013 Countercurrent Exchange • blood flow opposite water flow If same direction: Opposite direction: 100 90 80 70 60 50 100 80 60 40 20 10 0 10 20 30 40 50 90 70 50 30 10 5 Increases efficiency Tuesday, April 2, 2013 Tracheal System • see figures in handout and textbook • found in terrestrial arthropods, well-developed in insects • Spiracles are openings to the system found on the abdomen. • A network of trachea branch throughout the body • Trachea end in tracheoles that are very thin and allow for gas exchange directly with tissues. • Muscle movement moves air through the system. Tuesday, April 2, 2013 Book Lungs • found in spiders in anterior portion of abdomen • Consist of thin membranes stacked like pages of a book • Spiders also have a primitive tracheal system. Tuesday, April 2, 2013 Vertebrate Lungs • form as outgrowths of pharynx • found in amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals • note increase in folding/surface area in evolution from amphibians to reptiles to mammals • trachea - tube from mouth to lungs • bronchi - tubes that branch from trachea into lungs • bronchial tree - system of branching tubes within lungs • alveoli - air sacs. These are surrounded by blood capillaries for oxygen exchange. Tuesday, April 2, 2013 Birds • See handout and text diagrams • Birds have a more efficient system than mammals with a one way flow • Have anterior and posterior air sacs in addition to lungs. • It takes 2 inhales and 2 exhales to move air through. • No mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated air. inhale 1 posterior air sacs exhale 1 Tuesday, April 2, 2013 lungs trachea exhale 2 anterior air sacs inhale 2