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FIRST AID: Is the immediate care or treatment that is given to an injured or ill person before professional medical aid can be obtained. Priorities in an Emergency 1. Check the immediate surroundings for possible dangers. 2. Check to see if the victim is conscious. 3. Check Breathing 4. Control severe bleeding 5. Check the victim for poisoning. 6. Send for medical help. Skin Wound Classification Abrasion: skin is scraped against a rough surface Bruise: compression causes bleeding under the skin Laceration: an irregular tear of the skin Avulsion: skin is ripped off Puncture: penetration of the skin by a sharp object First Aid for Open Wounds 1. Stop the Bleeding- apply direct pressure 2. Protect the Wound- Gauze or clean cloth 3. Treat for Shock (the failure of the cardiovascular system to keep adequate blood circulating to vital organs of the body)- Keep victim on back with feet elevated, cover body with blankets 4. Get Help- Call 911 • Three types of burns: – 1st degree- superficial burns, like sunburn, and involve the top layer of skin. They are the least serious of burns in which only the outer layer of skin is burned, but not all the way through. The skin is usually red, with swelling, and pain sometimes is present. Healing takes 5-7 days. – 2nd degree- involve the top several layers of skin. The skin will have blisters and appear blotchy. Seconddegree burns produce severe pain and swelling. Healing takes 3-4 weeks. – 3rd degree burn- The most serious burns involve all layers of the skin and cause permanent tissue damage. Fat, muscle and even bone may be affected. Areas may be charred black or appear dry and white. Difficulty inhaling and exhaling, carbon monoxide poisoning, or other toxic effects may occur if smoke inhalation accompanies the burn. For minor burns, including first-degree burns and second• • • • • degree burns limited to an area no larger than 3 inches in diameter, take the following action: Cool the burn. Hold the burned area under cool (not cold) running water for 10 or 15 minutes or until the pain subsides. Cooling the burn reduces swelling by conducting heat away from the skin. Don't put ice on the burn. Cover the burn with a sterile gauze bandage. Don't use fluffy cotton, or other material that may get lint in the wound. Bandaging keeps air off the burn, reduces pain and protects blistered skin. Take an over-the-counter pain reliever. Minor burns usually heal without further treatment. Watch for signs of infection, such as increased pain, redness, fever, swelling or oozing. Caution – Don't use ice. Putting ice directly on a burn can cause a burn victim's body to become too cold and cause further damage to the wound. – Don't apply butter or ointments to the burn. This could cause infection. – Don't break blisters. Broken blisters are more vulnerable to infection. For major burns, call 911 or emergency medical help. Until an emergency unit arrives, follow these steps: • Don't remove burned clothing. However, do make sure the victim is no longer in contact with smoldering materials or exposed to smoke or heat. • Don't immerse large severe burns in cold water. Doing so could cause a drop in body temperature (hypothermia) and deterioration of blood pressure and circulation (shock). • Elevate the burned body part or parts. Raise above heart level, when possible. • Cover the area of the burn. Use a cool, moist, sterile bandage; clean, moist cloth; or moist towels. First aid for burns • Rinse with cool water • Place a clean dressing over area to prevent infection • Elevate burned area above the heart • Treat for shock • NEVER try to remove clothing stuck to a burned area Snakebite • Poisonous snakes in the US – 4 types- rattlesnake, copperhead, water moccasin (cottonmouth), and coral snake. • First aid for snakebite – Get victim to hospital – Keep bitten area below the level of heart – Call EMS – Keep victim still as possible Poisons • Swallowing poison – Symptoms • • • • Sharp abdominal cramps Extreme drowsiness followed by loss of consciousness Vomiting Chemical odor • Treatment – Call the nearest poison control center • 1-800-222-1222 – Be prepared to give information about the victim and the poison – Depending on the poison, you may be told to give the person a substance that dilutes the poison, or an emetic, and agent that causes vomiting. – Treat victim for shock Contact Poisoning • Poisonous plants – Symptoms • Severe skin rash, blistering, swilling, burning, itching • Possible fever – Treatment • Remove any contaminated clothing • Rinse with water • Wash with soap Chemical Poisoning • Symptoms- burning of skin resembling sunburn • Treatment – Remove any clothing that has come into contact with the chemical. – Remove as much of the chemical from the surface of the skin as possible by flooding the skin with water – Contact the nearest poison control center Fractures Fracture Treatment 1. Keep the bone end from moving 2. Immobilize the body part 3. Seek medical attention Sprain/ Strain • What Is the Difference Between a Sprain and a Strain? • A sprain is a stretch and/or tear of a ligament. One or more ligaments can be injured at the same time. The severity of the injury will depend on the extent of injury (whether a tear is partial or complete) and the number of ligaments involved. • A strain is an injury to either a muscle or a tendon. Depending on the severity of the injury, a strain may be a simple overstretch of the muscle or tendon, or it can result from a partial or complete tear. Fainting-temporary loss of consciousness brought on by reduced supply of blood to the brain. • Treatment 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Don’t prop the person up Loosen any tight clothes Maintain an open airway Sponge the person’s face with water If the person fails to revive promptly, seek medical attention Animal bites 1. Wash with soap and water 2. Cover with clean dressing 3. Go to doctor to check for rabies- a vital disease of the nervous system that eventually causes madness and death. Bee stings • Take a flat sharp edge to scrape stinger away from the skin • Wash area with soap and water • Watch for allergic reaction – An allergic person normally carries medicine Objects in the eye • Flush eye with water, DO NOT rub eye • If object doesn’t dislodge then seek medical attention Nosebleeds 1. Keep person quiet, don’t blow your nose 2. Place the person in a sitting position and have them lean forward. 3. Apply direct pressure to bleeding nostril 4. Apply a cold towel to the person’s nose and face 5. Place a piece of gauze between the upper lip and teeth to stop the bleeding Frostbite- ice crystals form in the body cells and destroy them. 1. Don’t rub the skin, soak it in lukewarm water 2. Bandage the injured part 3. Seek professional help • If frostbite goes untreated, gangrene may set in- which is death of a body part. Gangrene often requires amputation. Heat cramps • Symptoms- muscle cramps, heavy sweating, headache, and dizziness. • Treatment – Move victim out of heat – Massage the muscle – Drink water or gatorade to replace the lost water and salt Heat stroke • Symptoms – Lack of perspiration, vomiting, confusion, irregular pulse • Treatment – Remove from heat – Immerse in cold water or place ice packs around neck – Contact emergency services Bonus Slide • If you are reading this you, you will get 10% added to your test grade tomorrow (not to exceed 100%). Just print this slide in COLOR and turn it in with your test tomorrow. • Cissell • 9-30