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Earth’s Seasons What do we mean when we say: perpendicular to orbit plane 23½° The Earth is Tilted Most globes show the axis tilted But what is the axis tilted with respect to? orbit plane axis The Reasons for the Seasons The 23.5 degree tilt of the earth axis AND The revolution of Earth around the sun The number 23.5 shows up often in explaining the changes with the sun throughout the year. What is NOT a reason for the Seasons? The earth is closer to the sun? NOOOOOO! Actually, the earth is farthest from the sun in July (Aphelion) and closest to the sun in January (Perihelion) Altitude = degrees above a horizon Point directly overhead Where would Polaris be located? If this is in Red Hook, what is the altitude of Polaris? 42º horizon Season Simulation Summer Solstice Winter Solstice Summer Solstice Winter Solstice Summer Solstice Concentrated rays Winter Solstice Rays Spread Out 71.5° Red Hook 42° N path 48 ° Equinox path path 24.5 ° Sun’s Path at Different Seasons in Red Hook 42° N Facing East in Red Hook The sun rises here on December 21st The sun rises here on September 23rd and March 21st The sun rises here on June 21st northeast east southeast The paths of the rising sun in Red Hook look like this at each season How many degrees apart is the sun’s rising position at each season? Where do you think the sun rose today? (MAY) 23½ 23½ June northeast March, Sept. east About here Dec southeast Sun’s changing vertical ray Red dot shows where Sun is overhead Jun 21 Sep. 21 Mar. 21 Dec. 21 Changing Zodiac Constellations Match the picture with the season Date? September 23 Vertical Ray? Equator Sunrise? Due East Sunset? Due West Duration of daylight? 12 hours Shadows at noon? Average Autumnal Equinox Name of orbit position? Sun’s Path? Average Date? Dec. 21 Vertical Ray? 23.5 South Sunrise? Southeast Sunset? Southwest Duration of daylight? 8 hours Autumninal Equinox Name of orbit position? Name of orbit position? Sun’s Path? Winter Solstice Sun’s Path? Low Shadows at noon? LONG Average Date? Mar 21 Vertical Ray? Equator Autumninal Equinox Name of orbit position? Sunrise? Due east Name of orbit position? Sun’s Path? Sunset? Name of orbital Winter Solstice Due west Sun’s Path? position? Duration of Low – note Average Vernal Equinox long daylight? Sun’s Path? Shadows shadows at noon? 12 hours Average Average Date? June 21 Vertical Ray? 23.5 North Sunrise? Northeast Sunset? Northwest Duration of daylight? 16 hours Orbital position? Autumninal Equinox Summer Solstice Name of orbit Shadows at noon? Sun’s path? position? Short High Sun’s Path? Average At which season is the Earth very slightly closer to the sun Winter (January) perihelion On which date is the Daylight period longer For the northern hemisphere? Summer (June) aphelion Draw in the path of The sun on Dec.1st Label north on the diagram Label the North Star Polaris On which date at noon will the observer cast the shortest shadow? Where is the sun’s Vertical ray striking On the autumnal Equinox? Where is the sun’s vertical ray striking on December 21st ? equator 23½º N 23½º S Where is the sun’s vertical ray striking on June 21st ? On which date is the Surface temperature most likely highest? June 21st On which date are the sun’s rays striking most directly? March 21st On which date is the heating from the rays most efficient? On which date are shadows at noon the longest? north Dec. 21st east south