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Astronomy
Earth and Space
Big Bang Theory
theory that the universe
formed in an instant,
billions of yrs. ago, in an
enormous explosion
Edwin Hubble
•Hubble discovered that
galaxies are moving away
from us and each other.
•He discovered the relationship between
distance to a galaxy and its speed.
Hubble’s Law
The farther away a
galaxy is, the faster it
is moving away from
us.
Hubble’s Revolution Video
http://www.discovery.com/tv-shows/other-shows/videos/how-the-universe-works-hubbles-revolution/
The galaxies in the universe are like
the raisins in rising bread dough.
How does rising raisin bread dough
resemble the expanding universe?
Proof of Hubble’s Law
•Cosmic Background Radiation – faint
radiation glow that comes from all
directions in space
•This is leftover thermal radiation from
the Big Bang.
Once the universe was formed, individual bodies
formed in space and began to move in relation to
each other…
Kepler’s Law
1. Planets are orbiting the Sun in
the path of an ellipse.
LAW OF ELLIPSES
Kepler’s Law
2. Planets move faster when they are closer to
the sun and slower when they are farther
away.
Kepler’s Law
3. The farther away a planet is
the longer it takes to go
around the sun.
Rotation vs Revolution
How many days does it take for the Earth to spin on its axis
Rotation (spin) = 24 hrs
How many days does it take for the Earth to orbit the sun?
Revolution (orbit) = 365 days
Astronomy Booklet Work Time!
• 30 minutes
The Electromagnetic Spectrum
•The entire range of wavelengths or
frequencies of electromagnetic
radiation extending from Gamma
Rays to the longest Radio Waves.
•Includes Visible Light.
What is the Electromagnetic Spectrum?
What can we use visible light for??
•We use the visible light spectrum to
help us determine what direction things
are moving in SPACE!
RED SHIFT
•When an object is moving AWAY, the
light is shifted to the RED end of the
spectrum.
•The wavelength gets longer.
BLUE SHIFT
•When an object is moving CLOSER, the light
is shifted to the BLUE end of the spectrum.
•The wavelength gets shorter.
Red Shift and Blue Shift
Types of Heat Transfer
• Conduction – Direct contact between two
materials
• Ex. Stove and pot
• Convection – Interaction of molecules
• Usually fluids or gases
• Radiation – movement of heat waves.
• This is how we get heat from the sun.
Why do we have
seasons?
•The Earth is tilted on its axis at a
23.5o angle.
•The Earth’s poles are either tilted
AWAY from the sun or TOWARD
the sun.
Why do we have
seasons?
•When the sun’s
energy is spread over
a larger area, the heat must
be dispersed.
•When the sun’s energy heat
is more concentrated, that
area will become hotter.
Important Dates to know
SOLSTICE
•Winter Solstice –
December 21st.
Shortest day of the
year
•Summer Solstice –
June 21st
Longest day of the
year
EQUINOX
• Fall (Autumnal) Equinox
– September 21st.
Equal amounts of
day and night
• Spring (Vernal) Equinox
– March 21st.
Equal amounts of
day and night
Winter Solstice
December 21st
Vernal Equinox
March 21st
Winter Solstice
December 21st
Vernal Equinox
March 21st
Summer Solstice
June 21st
Winter Solstice
December 21st
Vernal Equinox
March 21st
Summer Solstice
June 21st
Winter Solstice
December 21st
Autumnal Equinox
September 21st
Phases of the Moon
•Waxing = getting bigger
•Waning = getting smaller
•Crescent = < half lit
•Gibbous = > half lit
•1/4 (First/Third) = half lit
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Spectroscope Lab
Due by the end of the period!!
Tides – Spring Tide
A Spring Tide occurs when the moon is either full or
new.
The gravitational pull of the moon and sun are combined
to make high tide even higher and low tide even lower.
Tides – Neap Tide
A Neap Tide occurs when the moon is in its quarter
phases. The moon, Earth, and sun for a right angle.
There is a smaller difference between high tide and low
tide.
Graph of Spring Tide vs. Neap Tide
Eclipses – Lunar Eclipse
When a Full
Moon is
being
blocked by
the Earth.
Eclipses – Solar Eclipse
When a New
Moon is
being blocked
by the sun.