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Monday Sept • • • • • th 12 Vocab Due Thursday Make Sure to check the website every day this week Turn in your test corrections to the box up front Religion Unit disclaimer This week we will be learning about the major world religions. Our job this week is to learn about the fundamentals of each religion to help us better understand the motives and culture of nations, peoples groups, or civilizations throughout the history of the world. It is not my job nor motive to convince you of one religion over another, or convert you to any religion. We will cover each religion equally. Throughout the week we will examine several primary sources relating to different religions. These texts will be used only for the purpose of studying, or gathering a better understanding of each religion. Introduction to Hinduism “There is only one God, but endless are his aspects and endless are his names” The vast majority of Hindus live in India and Nepal Hindu Beliefs • Hindus believe in a single Divinity or supreme God that is present in everything called Brahman. • Hindus also believe in other gods who are aspects of that supreme God such as Shiva, Shakti, and Ganesh. Goal of Hinduism Moksha: “release or liberation United forever with the divine Infinite bliss and awareness Hindu Life Goals • Hinduism is about the sort of life one should lead in order to be born into a better life next time and ultimately achieve liberation. There are 4 legitimate goals in life: • dharma (appropriate living) • artha (the pursuit of material gain by lawful means) • kama (delight of the senses) • moksha (release from rebirth). Hindu Duties • Each Hindu has 4 daily duties: • Revere the deities • Respect ancestors • Respect all beings • Honor all humankind Reincarnation Samsara is the wheel of rebirth which means the soul is reborn from one life form to another. People may be reincarnated at a higher or lower level of existence depending on their karma from their present life. People may be reborn as plants or animals or they may be elevated to a higher caste as a human. Death is not final for Hindus as they expect to be reborn many times. Karma and Reincarnation • Reincarnation is the belief that the soul repeatedly goes through a cycle of being born into a body, dying, and being reborn again in a new body. • Karma, a force that determines the quality of each life, depending on how well one behaved in a past life. • Hinduism says we create karma by our actions on earth. If you live a good life, you create good karma. If you live a bad life, you create bad karma. Karma & Dharma Karma: “action” or “deeds” Every action produces a Justified effect based on its moral worthiness. Karma determines all the particular circumstances and Situations of one’s life. Dharma: ethical duty based on the divine order of reality. The word is the closest equivalent to “religion.” Moksha • Each time a Hindu soul is born into a better life, it has the opportunity to improve itself further, and get closer to ultimate liberation. • This liberation is called Moksha. • One attains Moksha when one has "overcome ignorance", and no longer desires anything at all. • The ones who reach this state no longer struggle with the cycle of life and death. • The way to get to Moksha is to not create any karma. Sacred Writings • The Vedas collections of Sanskrit hymns (written down 1200-900BCE, but based on older oral versions). • The Upanishads which means the inner or mystic teaching that were passed down from guru (teacher) to disciple (student). Sacred Texts Rig Veda: Hinduism’s oldest text- nearly 4000 years. Bhagavad Gita: Hinduism’s most popular sacred text . Caste System Five major castes Brahmin (Mouth) : priests Kshatriya (Arms): warriors and administrators Vaistrya (Thighs): farmers, merchants, teachers, artisans Sudras (Feet): servants, laborers Dalit: untouchables, not connected to Manu Buddhism Origins of Buddhism The Big Idea Buddhism began in India and became a major religion. Main Ideas • Siddhartha Gautama searched for wisdom in many ways. • The teachings of Buddhism deal with finding peace. • Buddhism spread far from where it began in India. Was the Buddha a God? He was not, nor did he claim to be. He was a man who taught a path to enlightenment from his own experience. Siddhartha Quest for Answers Enlightenment • Siddhartha was born a prince, but he questioned the meaning of life. • Found it under the Tree of Wisdom while meditating • Determined to find answers using: • Meditation • Fasting • Learning from different teachers • Called the Buddha (Enlightened One) • Spent the rest of his life traveling and teaching his ideas Teachings of Buddhism Four Noble Truths 1. Suffering and unhappiness are a part of human life. No one can escape sorrow. 2. Suffering comes from our desires for pleasure and material goods. 3. People can overcome desire and ignorance and reach nirvana, a state of perfect peace. People can overcome ignorance and desire by following an 4. eightfold path that leads to wisdom, enlightenment, and salvation. The Eightfold Path What are the 5 Precepts? The moral code within Buddhism is the precepts, of which the main five are: 1) not to take the life of anything living, 2) not to take anything not freely given, 3) to abstain from sexual misconduct and sensual overindulgence, 4) to refrain from untrue speech, 5) and to avoid intoxication, that is, losing mindfulness. Karma, Reincarnation • Buddhist believe in Karma like the Hindus bigger emphasis on Nature • Buddhist believe in Reincarnation like the Hindus ends in Nirvana Nirvana • Definition- a state of blissful peace without desire or suffering • Buddhist follow the 8 fold path to follow nirvana • No more death or rebirth Challenging Hindu Ideas Ancient Ways Changing Society Caste System • The Buddha taught that following the Vedic texts was unnecessary. • A more individualistic approach to enlightenment • Opposed caste system • Challenged the authority of Hindu priests • Rebirth as a means to evolve • The Eightfold Path could lead any individual to nirvana. • The Buddha’s teachings reached all classes. Early Spread of Buddhism Do Buddhists Worship Idols? Buddhists sometimes pay respect to images of the Buddha, not in worship, nor to ask for favors. A statue of the Buddha with hands rested gently in its lap and a compassionate smile reminds us to strive to develop peace and love within ourselves. Bowing to the statue is an expression of gratitude for the teaching. Buddhism began in India and then became a major religion. Buddhism branches out • Asoka, one of the most powerful kings in India, became a Buddhist and spread Buddhism in India and foreign lands. • Buddhist missionaries traveled the world to teach enlightenment. Buddhism splits • Buddhism split into two main sects: Theravada and Mahayana. • Members of the Theravada followed the Buddha’s teachings exactly. (Skinny Buddha) • Members of the Mahayana believed that individual interpretation was important. (Fat Buddha)