Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Details of Cellular Respiration [respirations has 3 PARTS that NET 38 ATP ] A. glycolysis (**glucose splitting) (MAKES 4 ATP total... but only NETS 2 ATP) THIS 1. occurs in the (**cytoplasm) IS 2. no O2 is needed for this part ALWAYS 3. E in the form of 2 ATP are used to THE break 1 glucose 1st STEP! 4. releases 4 ATP and 2 pyruvic acid or pyruvate molecules are formed 5. 1 glucose yields 4 ATP, but 2 are needed to start the process (therefore, there is a net gain of 2 ATP) 6C sugar (glucose) + 2ATP -----> 2 PGAL ------> 2 pyruvates + 4ATP (each PGAL{phosphoglyceraldehy de} makes 1 pyruvate & releases 2 ATP) If oxygen IS available, then the second step of respiration is B. aerobic/oxidative respiration If oxygen ISN’T available, then the second step is C. anaerobic respiration/fermentation B. aerobic OR oxidative respiration 1. occurs with O2 in the (**mitochondria) 2. aerobic respiration makes a total of 36 ATP 3. it occurs in 2 steps a. Krebs cycle or citric acid cycle (series of rxns) (MAKES 2 ATP) i. 1 pyruvate from glycolysis goes from cytoplasm to mitochondria ii. 2 carbons leave in the form of 3 CO2 molecules iii. 3 molecules of NAD+ are converted to NADH (NADH = nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) iv. 1 molecule of FAD is converted to FADH2 (FADH2 = flavin adenine dinucleotide) v. 1 molecule of GDP or GFP converted to GTP to make ATP vi. for each glucose there are 2 turns through the Krebs Cycle b. Electron transport chain (MAKES 34 ATP) i. high E e- from NADH and FADH2 are passed to series of enzymes in the mitochondrial membrane ii. @ the end of the chain, an enzyme combines electrons from the chain with H ions from the cells fluid and O2 to form H2O. iii. O2 is the final electron acceptor, therefore O2 is necessary for obtaining E from NADH and FADH2 C. anaerobic respiration OR fermentation- after glycolysis 1. occurs right after glycolysis only if there is NO OXYGEN available 2. Clostridium botulinum may be in (**bulging) cans, don’t buy dented cans 3. (**alcoholic fermentation)- used to make wine, beer, breads 4. (**lactic acid fermentation)- occurs in muscles when lactic acid builds up; muscles don't work well; cramps last even after exercise stops because it’s made faster than it’s broken down **The fastest mile is approx** 3 min 43 sec (Hichman El Guerouj from Moracco, July 7,1999) WHY can’t muscles work faster?** takes longer than that to get O2 to the muscles ADV HW question 1 molecule of glucose has 686 kilocalories of E. Each ATP stores 7 kilocalories. 38ATP are made when glucose goes through oxidative respiration. What is the efficiency? ANS. 38 ATP x 7 kilocal. = 266 kcal approx 38.7% efficiency Cellular Respiration (6O 2 + 6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O ) C 6 H 12 O 6 always begins with Glycolys is o ccurs in t h e cytoplasm sp littin g glucos e pro duces pyruvic acid wh ich trav els to the mitochondria if not O 2) is present Anaerobic Respi rati on also called oxygen( present Aerobic Respi rati on fermentation starts with Kre bs cyc le which may be alc oholic wine, bakery lac tic acid in muscles which produces CO 2 , ATP ,NADH ,FADH NADH & FADH 2 are used in the Electron Trans portChain which p roduces water (H 2 O ) and more ATP 2