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Five Rules of a Complete Sentence
A sentence is a group of Words
1. A sentence must be in the right order
2. A sentence must tell a complete thought and make sense
3. A sentence must start with a capital letter and has an end mark (. ? !)
4. A sentence must have a subject .
5. A sentence must have a predicate.
If a sentence misses the subject or a predicate, it is not a complete sentence, it is a Fragment
- The children are laughing at the funny clown. (Complete sentence)
- Hot in the summer. (Fragment)
Subjects and Predicates
(Who
Does what)
Subject: is always at the beginning of the sentence.
It tells us who or what the sentence is talking about.
You can find the noun in the subject.
Predicate: is always at the end of a sentence.
It tells us what the subject is doing.
You can find the verb in the predicate.
- The baby
Subject
noun
Who ?
sits quietly in the car.
Predicate
verb
Does what?
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Types of Sentences
• A statement is a sentence that tells something. It ends with a period ( . )
• A question is a sentence that asks something. It ends with a question mark ( ? )
• A command is a sentence that tells someone to do something. It ends with a period ( . )
• An exclamation is a sentence that shows strong feeling. It ends with an exclamation mark (!)
Simple and compound sentences
Simple sentence: A sentence that has one subject and one predicate.
e. g: I like to eat chocolate.
Compound Sentence: A sentence that has two or more simple sentences, joined together by
joining words (and, or, but). We always put a comma before the joining words.
e. g: I love Paris, and my brother loves Italy.
Common and Proper Nouns
Common nouns: persons, places, animals or things.
Common nouns are not capitalized, only at the beginning of the sentence.
e. g: A man walks down the street.
Proper noun: Specific names of persons, places, animals or things.
Proper nouns are always capitalized
e. g: Ahmed went to Alexandria last summer.
Days of the week, months of the year and events are capitalized
We are going to the club on Friday.
My birthday day is in November.
I bought my mom flowers on Mother’s Day.
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Abbreviations
Abbreviations are shortened form of a word.
The first letter is capitalized and it ends with a period.
Street ___________St.
Road_______Rd.
Mister___________Mr.
Mistress_____________Mrs.
Doctor_________Dr.
Days of the week and months of the year:
First letter capital and it ends with a period
Days of the week
Months of the year
Sunday ______ Sun.
January________Jan.
October _______Oct.
Monday ______ Mon.
February_______Feb.
November______Nov.
Tuesday ______Tues.
March ________Mar.
December ______Dec.
Wednesday _____Wed.
April _________Apr.
Thursday ______Thurs.
May, June, July
Friday
August ________Aug.
_______Fri.
Saturday ______ Sat.
September _______ Sept.
States abbreviations are two capital letters and no period.
Illinois_______IL
Washington ______ WA
Unites States _____U.S.
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Singular and Plural Nouns
Singular nouns: one person, place, animal or thing
Plural nouns: more than one person, place, animal, thing
Some nouns are special
mouse ------- mice
tooth ------ teeth
goose ------- geese
foot ------- feet
sheep ------- sheep
deer ------- deer
fish
moose ------ moose
-------- fish
man -------- men
woman ------ women
child ------- children
person ------- people
Possessive nouns
When we want to show that something belongs to someone or something.
We add ( 's ) to a singular noun to make it, singular possessive.
We add ( ' ) to a plural noun to make it , plural possessive.
e. g: (boy)
Singular: boy
Plural : boys
Singular possessive : boy’s
Plural possessive: boys’
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Singular and Plural Pronouns
Pronouns are words that replace the nouns in a sentence.
Singular pronouns: pronouns that replace one person, place, thing.
I
me
You
you
He, She, It
him, her, it
The boy likes math. He likes math.
Nada is talking to the girl. She is talking to her.
Plural pronouns: pronouns that replace more than one person, place or thing.
We
us
You
you
They
them
Hana and Ahmed went to the club. They went to the club.
I took the children to school. I took them to school.
Subject and Object Pronouns
Subject pronoun (doing the action)
I
You
He, she, it
We
You
They
Object pronoun (receiving the action)
me
you
him, her, it
us
you
them
The boxes are heavy. We can’t carry them
Amy and Hassan are studying. They want to do well in our exam.
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Use ( I ) and (ME) Correctly
Place I and me last when you talk about a group where you are included.
“I” is always placed at the first part of the sentence as “I” is a subject pronoun.
Omar and I play soccer.
My family and I eat dinner together.
“me” is always placed at the second part of the sentence as “me” is a object pronoun.
Give a candy to Amira and me.
Buy a ticket for my friends and me.
Pronoun Antecedent Agreement
Antecedent: The noun referred to ( replaced by) by the pronoun.
The bag is small, it is heavy
(Antecedent)
(Pronoun)
Agreement: The noun and pronoun must agree on
1. Singular or plural
2. Boy or girl
The girl is drawing, she has nice colors
(Antecedent)
(Pronoun)
The antecedent and the pronoun are both singular and girl.
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Adjectives
Adjectives: Words to describe a noun.
It can be numbers, color, size, shape, feeling.
The big house.
Two toys.
The white mouse.
The round lollipop.
Some words can describe numbers: many, few, some, several.
I have four books.
I have many books.
Adjectives that compare
-When we compare between two nouns we add (er) and we always find the word (than) after
the adjective.
She is taller (than) her friend.
-When we compare between more than two nouns we add (est) and we always find the word
(the) before the adjective.
Ahmed is the youngest in class
-When we have a noun that ends with (y) we remove the (y) and add (i) before adding (er, est)
This dog is (the) happiest dog I have ever seen.
-We use (more) and (most) when comparing longer nouns
English is more exciting than science.
This flower is the most beautiful flower in the garden.
Articles
(a, an) are articles. They are used with unspecific singular nouns.
(a) used before a noun that starts with a consonant
a cat
a dog
a bag
(an) used before a noun that starts with a vowel
an umbrella an ant
an owl
(The) is an article, it is used with singular and plural specific nouns
The cat The cats
The umbrella
The umbrellas
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