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Arthropods
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Trilobite
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Arthropods 28-1
• They are the most diverse and most
successful animals of all time.
• Arthropods include: insects, crabs,
crayfish, centipedes, ticks, mites,
spiders, and horseshoe crabs
• ¾ of a million have been identified
• Have 3 times the number of all other
animals combined
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Arthropods
• Have:
• Segmented body
• Tough exoskeleton made of chitin
• Chitin made of protein and carbohydrates
• Jointed appendages; appendages = legs,
antennae, claws, wings, mouth parts, tails
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Complex Organ Systems
Respiration
• Terrestrial arthropods breath through
tracheal tubes, which are branching
tubes that extend throughout the body.
• Spiracles are the openings to the
tracheal tubes
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• Book lungs- organs that have layers of
respiratory tissue stacked like pages in
a book, open to the spiracles
• Gills – aquatic arthropods
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Circulation
• Open circulatory system
Excretion
• Malpighian tubes – sac-like organs that
extract nitrogenous wastes from the
blood and add them to the digestive
system
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Response
• Well developed nervous system
• Brain with connected nerve cells and
ganglia
• Complex sense organs
Movement
• Well developed muscle groups and
nerve connections
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Reproduction
• Terrestrial = internal fertilization
• Aquatic = internal and external
fertilization
Growth and Development
• Molt when the outgrow their skeleton
• Molting controlled by the endocrine
system; hormones
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28–2 Groups of
Arthropods
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28–2 Groups of Arthropods
Arthropods are classified based on the
number and structure of their body
segments and appendages—particularly
their mouthparts.
The three major groups of arthropods are:
• crustaceans
• spiders and their relatives
• insects and their relatives
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28–2 Groups of Arthropods
Crustaceans
Crustaceans
Crustaceans are primarily aquatic.
This subphylum includes crabs, shrimps,
lobsters, crayfishes, and barnacles.
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28–2 Groups of Arthropods
Crustaceans
Crustaceans typically have two pairs of
antennae, two or three body sections, and
chewing mouthparts called mandibles.
Cephalothorax - fusion of head and thorax
(chest)… Abdomen - is the posterior part of
the body…
Abdomen
Cephalothorax
Mandible
First antenna
Second antenna
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28–2 Groups of Arthropods
Carapace – part of exoskeleton that covers
the cephalothorax
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28–2 Groups of Arthropods
Crustaceans
In a crustacean, the first two pairs of appendages
are antennae. They may have sensory hairs as in
the crayfish or be used for filter feeding or
swimming.
First antenna
Second
antenna
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28–2 Groups of Arthropods
Crustaceans
The third pair of appendages are the mandibles.
A mandible is a mouthpart adapted for biting and
grinding food.
Mandible
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28–2 Groups of Arthropods
Crustaceans
Decapods (crayfishes, lobsters, and crabs) have five
pairs of legs.
In crayfishes, the first pair of legs, called chelipeds,
have large claws that catch, pick up, crush, and cut
food.
Walking legs
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Cheliped
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28–2 Groups of Arthropods
After the chelipeds, are 4 pair of walking legs.
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28–2 Groups of Arthropods
Crustaceans
Along the abdomen are several pairs of
swimmerets, which are flipperlike appendages used
for swimming.
Swimmerets
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28–2 Groups of Arthropods
Crustaceans
The final abdominal segment is fused with a pair of
paddlelike appendages to form a large, flat tail.
When the abdominal muscles contract, the tail snaps
beneath its body. This pushes the animal backward.
Tail
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28–2 Groups of Arthropods
Barnacles are another group of Crustaceans.
They are sessile, which means they stay
attached to something. They have lost
abdominal segments and no longer use
mandibles.
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28–2 Groups of Arthropods
Spiders and Their Relatives
Spiders and Their Relatives Phylum Chelicerata
Horseshoe crabs, spiders, ticks, and scorpions
are chelicerates.
Chelicerates lack antennae.
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28–2 Groups of Arthropods
Goat Milk Spider Silk
http://www.sciencechannel.com/videotopics/sci-fi-supernatural/kapowsuperhero-science-spider-silk-genegoats.htm
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28–2 Groups of Arthropods
Spiders and Their Relatives
Chelicerates have mouthparts called
chelicerae and two body sections, and
nearly all have four pairs of walking legs.
Fanglike
chelicera
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28–2 Groups of Arthropods
Have cephlothorax and an abdomen.
The cephalothorax contains the brain, eyes,
mouth and walking legs. Abdomen
contains most of the internal organs.
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28–2 Groups of Arthropods
Spiders and Their Relatives
Chelicerae contain fangs and are used to stab and
paralyze prey.
Fanglike
chelicera
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28–2 Groups of Arthropods
Spiders and Their Relatives
Pedipalps are longer than the chelicerae and are
usually modified to grab prey.
Pedipalp
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28–2 Groups of Arthropods
Chelicerae (stab) and pedipalps( grab) are
appendages.
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28–2 Groups of Arthropods
They breathe using book gills (horseshoe
crab or book lungs (spiders)
book lungs
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28–2 Groups of Arthropods
Spiders and Their Relatives
Chelicerates are divided into two main classes.
• Merostomata includes horseshoe crabs.
• Arachnida includes spiders, mites, ticks, and
scorpions.
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28–2 Groups of Arthropods
They may not be pretty, but they are useful!!
YouTube Clips
Horseshoe Crab Spawn
Horseshoe Crab Blood
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28–2 Groups of Arthropods
Spiders and Their Relatives
Horseshoe Crabs
Horseshoe crabs first appeared more than 500
million years ago and have changed little since
that time.
Have chelicerae,5 pair of walking legs, and a
tail used for moving.
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28–2 Groups of Arthropods
Spiders and Their Relatives
Spiders
Spiders capture and feed on animals ranging
from other arthropods to small birds.
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28–2 Groups of Arthropods
Spiders
Have no jaws for chewing and must liquefy
food before swallowing…
Chelicerae inject venom into their prey.
Then, they inject digestive enzymes into
the puncture wounds. The enzymes
liquefy the prey’s tissues. The food is
then pumped into the spider’s stomach.
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28–2 Groups of Arthropods
Spiders and Their Relatives
All spiders produce silk.
Spiders spin silk into webs, cocoons for eggs,
and wrappings for prey.
Silk glands
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28–2 Groups of Arthropods
Spiders and Their Relatives
They do this by forcing liquid silk through
spinnerets, which are organs that contain silk
glands.
Spinnerets
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28–2 Groups of Arthropods
Spiders and Their Relatives
Mites and Ticks
Mites and ticks are small arachnids that are
often parasitic.
Their chelicerae and pedipalps are specialized
for digging into a host’s tissues and sucking
out blood or plant fluids.
Mites – chiggers, mange, scabies
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28–2 Groups of Arthropods
Mites and Ticks
Some mites damage house plants or crops
such as cotton.
Ticks can transmit bacteria and cause
diseases such as Rocky Mountain
spotted fever and Lyme disease.
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28–2 Groups of Arthropods
Spiders and Their Relatives
Scorpions
Scorpions inhabit warm areas around the
world.
Have pedipalps that are enlarged into claws…
Chew their prey using chelicerae..
Have venomous stinger on abdomen used to
kill or paralyze prey…
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28–2 Groups of Arthropods
Insects and Their Relatives
Insects and Their Relatives
Centipedes, millipedes, and insects are
uniramians. Contains more species than
all other groups.
Uniramians (subphylum) have jaws, one
pair of antennae, and unbranched
appendages.
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28–2 Groups of Arthropods
Centipedes and millipedes have long wormlike bodies composed of many leg-bearing
segments.
Insects have compact 3 part bodies and
most are adapted for flight.
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28–2 Groups of Arthropods
Centipedes – Class Chilopoda- Have from a
few to 100 pairs of legs. Most body
segments bear one pair of legs each.
Millipedes – Class Diplopoda – Each
millipede segment bears two pairs of legs.
May produce unpleasant or toxic
chemicals. End Section 1 and 2
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28–2
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28–2
The two main groups of chelicerates are
a. spiders and scorpions.
b. horseshoe crabs and spiders.
c. horseshoe crabs and arachnids.
d. arachnids and insects.
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28–2
Insects are part of the group
a. crustaceans.
b. uniramians.
c. chelicerates.
d. diplopods.
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28–2
Most mites and ticks are
a. parasites.
b. predators.
c. herbivores.
d. detritovores.
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28–2
Which of the following is NOT a typical
crustacean characteristic?
a. either two or three body segments
b. chewing mouthparts called mandibles
c. chelicerae that paralyze prey
d. two pairs of antennae
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28–2
Spiders differ from the other arachnids because
they have
a. two major body segments and six legs.
b. three major body segments and eight legs.
c. two major body segments and eight legs.
d. three major body segments and six legs.
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