Download Muscular System

DEFENSE and SUPPORT:
Muscular and Skeletal Systems
How do these systems provide
DEFENSE and SUPPORT?
• Skeletal System: produces
immune cells to protect
against disease causing
bacteria and viruses.
• Muscular system:
coordinates with the nervous
system to help animals
respond to their
environment.
Skeletal System:
The main organs of the
skeletal system are the
bones
_______.
Main Functions:
1. Supports & gives shape
to body
2. Protects internal organs
3. Provides for movement
4. Stores minerals (calcium
& magnesium)
5. Blood cells produced in
bone marrow
Simple
Skeleton
Type of
support
Evolutionary Trends of the
Skeletal and Muscular Systems
Hydrostatic Skeleton
Have muscles surrounding a
fluid-filled cavity . When
contracted, they push against
the fluid and cause the body to
change shape.
Exoskeleton
A hard external skeleton,
made of chitin and is
continually shed as the
organism grows - molting.
Complex
Endoskeleton
Have a well developed
Endoskeleton or internal
skeleton made of calcified
plates.
Picture of
system
Examples
Annelids (worms) and
Arthropods (Insects) and
mammals, birds, reptiles,
Cnidarians (Jellyfish)
Crustaceans
fish, amphibians, starfish
Characteristics and Functions
a. Bones are attached to other
bones with special connective
ligaments
tissues known as _________.
b. Cartilage is
found at ends of
bones at joints,
reduces friction in
movable joints
(does NOT
contain blood
vessels)
• The cartilage in
the growth plates
is replaced by
bone, the bones
become
completely
ossified, and the
person “stops
growing.”
c. A place where one bone
attaches to another is called a
joint.
3 Types of Joints & Their Movements
i. Immoveable (fixed) joint: no
movement
• Bones of skull; fused
ii. Freely moveable: wide range
of movement
• Bone ends covered in cartilage
iii. Slightly moveable: permit
small amount of movement
• Between vertebrae
Types of Freely Moveable Joints
1. Ball-and-Socket Joint:
Permit movement in many
directions; widest range of
movement of any joint
(examples: shoulder and
hip)
2. Hinge Joint: Permit back
and forth motion
(examples: elbow and
knee)
Types of Freely Moveable Joints
•
•
3. Pivot Joint: Allow
one bone to rotate
around another
(example: neck,
forearm bones)
4. Saddle (Gliding)
Joint: Permit one bone
to slide past another
bone (example:
thumb/wrist )
d. Bones are a living part of your body that contain
nervous tissue to send and receive information,
_________
nutrients
as well as blood vessels to bring the __________
and ________
oxygen gas that is necessary for the bones’
health and growth.
• e. Bone is composed of two types of
tissue:
– Spongy: soft, interior layer of bone
tissue.
• Site of red blood cell production
• Less dense
• Contains bone marrow
– Compact: outer layer of tissue
surrounding bone.
• Stores minerals – Calcium.
• Extremely dense and strong
Photo by Steve Fruitsmaak
marrow is found
f. Bone _________
inside of bones. This
tissue is responsible for
creating new _______
blood
cells in animals. These
cells are a vital part of the
___________
circulatory system.
Three Types of Bone Cells
1.
2.
3.
Osteocytes – Mature bone
cells that are embedded in the
bone matrix.
Osteoclasts – Bone cells that
break down bone; Line the
Haversian canals and the
surfaces of compact and
spongy bone.
Osteoblasts – Bone cells that
produce bone; Line the
Haversian canals and the
surfaces of compact and
spongy bone.
Development of Bones
• *The skeleton of an embryo is
composed almost entirely of
cartilage.
• *Cartilage is replaced by bone
during the process of bone
formation called ossification.
• *Ossification begins to take
place up to seven months
before birth.
• *Osteoblasts secrete mineral
deposits that replace cartilage
osteoblasts become
surrounded by bone tissue 
mature to osteocytes
Organization of Life: Skeletal
System
OSTEOCYTES
Compact or Spongy
Femur, Tibia, Vertebrae, Skull
SKELETAL
Skeletal Body System Interactions:
• Circulatory System: bones help produce new
blood cells in addition to storing minerals
transported by the circulatory system.
• Muscular System: bones and muscles work in
opposing pairs to perform body movement.
Muscles and bones support, protect, and
maintain posture for the human body.
• Nervous System: bones protect many vital
organs of the nervous system – Skull (brain),
Vertebrae (spinal cord).
Skeletal System Disorders
• Arthritis – inflammation of
the joint itself
• Kyphosis (hunchback) –
curvature of upper spine
PROBLEM:
Osteoporosis is a weakening
of bones due to loss of calcium
that is more common in older
women
=Increased risk for fracture
Dowager’s hump
Change in Bone Density over Time
What can be done now about bone loss?
•Eat foods containing calcium, magnesium and phosphorous
now (as teens) why you still are building bone mass.
• Continue weight-bearing exercises throughout your life to
keep the bone mass you built earlier on.
Bones in the
Human Skeleton
Here are the main bones
everyone should know.
Where is your
FUNNY
BONE?!?!??
Muscular System:
The main organs of
the muscular system
are the muscles.
There are 3 types of
muscles tissue made
up of individual
muscle cells, called
fibers.
Types of Muscles:
Skeletal Muscle These muscles are usually
1. _________________:
bones and allow for the movement of
attached to _______
limbs Since these muscles can be controlled by a
______.
the organism, they are known as __________
voluntary muscles.
These muscles also help maintain our posture and
protect internal organs. This type of muscle is striated.
Types of Muscles:
Smooth Muscle This type of muscle is found
2. ________________:
intestines
within the walls of organs like the ___________,
diaphragm allowing these
_________,
bladder and the __________
Why it is
expand and ________.
contract Smooth
organs to ________
called
smooth!
muscle is not under conscious control, so it is
involuntary muscle. Is NOT striated.
known as ____________
Image by Theresa Knott
-Smooth muscle also helps move food through
your digestive tract via the process Peristalsis.
Types of Muscles:
Cardiac Muscle This type of muscle is
3. _______________:
not under your control, so it is also
involuntary It is only found in
considered ____________.
heart which is why it is called
the _______
cardiac muscle. Is striated.
________
How Muscles and Bones Interact
a. Skeletal muscles are
joined to bones by tough
connective tissues called
tendons.
– Tendons pull on the
bones and make them
work like levers.
– The muscles provide the
force to move the lever.
– Usually, there are several
muscles surrounding each
joint that pull in different
directions.
How Muscles and Bones Interact
a. Most skeletal muscles work
in opposing pairs. When one
muscle contracts, the other
relaxes.
– The muscle that contracts is
the flexor while the muscle
that lengthens and relaxes is
the extensor
• In order for the biceps muscle
to contract (flex) the triceps
muscle has to relax. Therefore
the biceps is your flexor
muscle while your triceps is
your extensor muscle.
energy
c. Muscles use a large amount of ________.
This
requires them to produce large amounts of the
ATP These molecules
energy molecule called _____.
are produced in the _____________
mitochondria through the
process of cellular respiration. This is why there
are a greater than average number of
mitochondria in ________
muscle cells.
d. Cellular respiration requires the body to
O2 cannot be
oxygen gas. When ____
absorb ________
absorbed fast enough, the body produces a
lactic acid
compound known as __________.
Disorders to worry about
• Black widow bite – releases more ACH =
muscle spasms
• Botox – blocks release of ACH from neurons
paralyzing the muscles in your face = no
wrinkles
• Tetanus- infection causing muscle spasms to
develop by blocking motor neurons
– Lockjaw, neonatal tetanus
Organization of Life:
Muscular System
Tissue
Cell
Skeletal
Muscle Fiber
Smooth
Cardiac
Organ
Bicep
Stomach
Heart
Organ System
Muscular
System
Muscular Body System
Interactions:
• Digestive System: smooth muscle found in the
stomach and intestinal tract helps move
digested food through the body.
• Circulatory /Respiratory System: products of
cellular respiration (CO2, lactic acid) from the
muscular system are removed via the blood
stream.
• Nervous System: signals muscles to contract
for movement and response to environmental
stimuli.
LABEL THE
FOLLOWING
MUSCLES
ON YOUR
PICTURE.
Quadriceps
Hamstrings
Quadriceps